Transcript OCEANOGRAPHY - Oakton Community College

OCEANOGRAPHY
introduction
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Human use of the oceans
• food source
• defensive barrier
• Transportation
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Exploration
• Vikings (981) (Fig 1.6 ) p 11
– Iceland and Greenland
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Exploration cont.
• Chinese (1405 - 1433)
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–2
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Exploration cont.
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Age of discovery
Portuguese (late 1400s)
African coast: Dias (1487) and da Gama (1497-1502)
Across the Atlantic: Columbus (1492) (Fig 1.7 ) p 12
Christopher Columbus - North America p 7
Spain, England, etc. (1500)
Magellan (1519-1522) Drake (1577-1580) (Fig 1.7) p 12
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Beginning of Ocean
Science
Interdisciplinary nature of
oceanography
Fig 1.1
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Scientific study of ocean
• Cook - mapped islands with the use of the
chronometer (1.2 ) p 9
• Franklin - Gulf Stream (mail ships coming
from Europe by a northerly route took two
weeks longer to reach the colonies than
ships that came by a longer more southerly
route.) (Box 7.2) p 210
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• Matthew Fontaine Maury (1728-1779)Father of Oceanography (p12) Organized
the first International Meteorological
Conference. Textbook - The Physical
Geography of the Sea.
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Scientific study cont.
• Darwin -Voyage of the Beagle (Box 1.3) p 26
• (To give yourself a better idea of what it was like in the
time of the early explores, I suggest you see the movie
Masters and Commanders)
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Scientific study cont.
• The Rosses and Forbs
– John
– James
– Edward Forbs
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Scientific study cont.
• Challenger Expeditions (three voyages 1872-1876) (Box
5.2) p 142
• Laid the foundation for the science of oceanography
– Because of the controversy between the Rosses and Forbs money
was made available for the scientific study of the oceans
– Two outstanding contributions
• 1
• 2
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Polar Expedition
• Nansen (Box 7.2) p 210
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Voyage of the Fram
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Twentieth Century Oceanography
• Voyage of Meteor (1925) - topography, currents,
and chemistry of the South Atlantic
• WW I and II (After WWII the US government saw the need to
maintain its lead in oceanographic research and has made monies
available ever since.)
• International Geophysical Year (1957-1958) study
ocean floor
• Deep Sea Drilling Project (1963)
• Deep ocean floor submersibles (Box 1.1) p 7
• International Decade of Ocean Exploration
(1970s) source of food, fuel, and minerals
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Studying Ocean Waters
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Nansen bottle
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Global Positioning System (GPS)
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• Read Box 3.1 p 78
• Sea floor mapping
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Economic Zones (200 mile limit)
• You will see this again later in the course.
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Summary
• Oceanography, a multidisciplinary field
– Geology, geophysics, chemistry, physics, meteorology,
biology
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Early explorers and traders
National and commercial interests
Beginning of ocean science (19th century)
20th century
– Role of private institutions
– Role of large-scale government funding and
international cooperation
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END
Next page homework
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Map Homework
• Draw a map of your world, only including
places you have been.
• You may use any sources you wish, family,
friends, library, internet Google: early map
of the world, etc.
• You may not talk to your classmates nor use
any prepared maps.
• Be creative, look at fig 1.1 p 4. All maps do
not look like those found on the web today.
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Marco Polo
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