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SCIENCE! Science is observing, studying, and experimenting to find the nature of things. Social Sciences Biology Earth Sciences Physical Sciences Experiments Scientists Knowledge gained from experiments Engineers Technology Practical Applications To gain knowledge about the natural world Technology – The practical application of science. To apply scientific understanding to solve problems. Definition – A summary of many experiments & results and observations; law tells how things in the natural world work. A law does not explain processes. Definition – An explanation for some phenomenon that is based on observation, experiment, and reasoning. Always being questioned. 1. Make a three column chart, with headings; “Example” “Theory or Law?” “Reasons” 2. List some laws and theories you have learned about in other classes. State whether it is a law or theory. 3. Give reasons for each and be accurate and logical. One scientist cannot create a theory; she/he can only create an educated guess. Both theories and laws are used to advance technology. A theory must explain observations clearly and consistently. The biggest difference between a law and a theory is that a theory is much more complex and dynamic. Law or Theory? Laws and Theories can be stated with words. These statements can be translated into mathematical equations. Mathematics is the Universal language of all science! A scientific model is a representation of an object or event that can be studied to understand the real object or event. So how is a scientific model used? A model is used to study or make predictions about a situation the model represents What do you do if the light goes out while your doing homework? Definition – the willingness to assess claims and to make judgments on the basis of objective and supported reasons. What is it, and why do we need it? Definition: a series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating, a hypothesis, and stating conclusions. Form a Question Observe Observation Test the Hypothesis Observation Draw conclusions Research and collect Data Form a Hypothesis How can we organize data that we have collected? 1. ? 2. ? 3. ? 4. ? 5. ? Line Graphs – Used to compare data that changes So data that changes for some reason is when we use a line graph. Dependent variable - The variable we control in the experiment. The dependent variable ALWAYS goes on the “Y” axis. Independent variable – The variable that we cannot (or do not) control in an experiment. The independent variable is ALWAYS on the “x” axis. Bar Graph – Used to compare similar data, and make differences easier to see. A bar graph is used when data does not change but instead to display constant data. First create a table with 2 columns titled height and age. Then come to the front of the classroom and measure your height (in cm). The front desk in 92 tall. Then get information from the rest of your classmates. After doing this sit Use graph paper to create a line graph using age as the independent variable and height as the dependent variable. Definition: Is a way of writing numbers that are too big or too small to be conveniently written in decimal form. Scientific notation has a number of useful properties and is commonly used in calculators and by scientists, mathematicians and engineers. All numbers are written in the form of: 𝑎 × 10𝑏 (a times ten raised to the power of b) Where a is any real number and the exponent b is an integer. Standard decimal notation Normalized scientific notation 2 2.00×100 300 3.00×102 4,321.768 4.32×103 -53,000 −5.30×104 6,720,000,000 6.72×109 0.2 2.00×10−1 0.000 000 007 51 7.51×10−9 START timing when your cart reaches the 20.0 cm Mark! ALWAYS. 20.0 cm STOP timing when your cart reaches the 30.0 cm Mark! For the first 4 trials. 30.0 cm Continue to take measurements starting from 20 cm and moving 10.0cm further for each trial. 40.0 cm Significant figures - The significant figures of a number are those digits that carry meaning contributing to its precision. Significant figures help keep track of imprecision. Accuracy – a description of how close a measurement is to the correct or accepted value of the quantity measured. In describing the imperfection of a measurement one must consider both a measurements accuracy and precision. Precision – the degree of exactness of a measurement. It also describes the limitations of the measuring device or instrument. Why does accuracy and precision matter at all? Because theories are based on observation and experiment, careful measurements are very important!