Transcript States of Matter

States of Matter
Four States (Phases)
of Matter
Solid State
• The particles of a solid
are packed closely
together and constantly
vibrating in place.
• The attractions
between particles are
strong, and solids
have a fixed volume
and shape.
Liquid State
• The attractive
forces are strong
enough to cause
particles to cling
together.
• Liquids have a
definite volume, but
not a definite shape.
Gas State
• In a gas, the forces
between particles
are so weak that the
particles no longer
cling together.
• Gases do not have a
definite shape or
volume.
Plasma State
• The most common state of matter in
the universe is the plasma state.
• Plasma is matter consisting of positively
and negatively charged particles and does
not have a definite shape or volume.
Solid
Definite
Shape
Definite
Volume
Structure
Particle
Kinetic
Energy
Other Info
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
DEFINITE SHAPE
YES NO NO NO
DEFINITE VOLUME
YES YES NO NO
STRUCTURE
Particles
are
packed
tightly.
Particles Particles
slide
are far
past
apart.
each
other.
X
PARTICLE KINETIC ENERGY
Not
enough
to
overcome
bonds;
vibrate in
place
Enough to
partially
overcome
attractions.
Particles
move past
each other.
Enough
for
particles
to move
independently
High
speed;
collisions
strip
electrons
from
atoms
OTHER INFO
Most have a
geometric
arrangement
that
determines
chemical and
physical
properties.
Take the
shape of
their
containers
Attractive
forces are
weak.
Most
common
state in the
universe
Changing States
Melting
• The temperature at which a solid begins to
melt is its melting point.
• The amount of energy required to change 1 kg
of a substance from a solid to a liquid at its
melting point is known as the heat of fusion.
Freezing
• The heat of fusion is also the energy
released when a liquid freezes.
• The attractive forces are strong enough that the
particles form an ordered arrangement.
Vaporization
• Vaporization occurs as a liquid changes
into a gas.
• Vaporization that occurs at the surface of
a liquid is called evaporation.
• Evaporation causes the temperature of
the liquid to decrease.
Boiling
• The boiling point of a liquid is the
temperature at which the pressure of the vapor
in the liquid is equal to the external pressure
acting on its surface.
• The heat of vaporization is the amount
of energy required for 1 kg of the liquid, at
its boiling point, to become a gas.
Condensation
• The heat of vaporization is also the amount of
energy released during condensation.
• This graph
shows the
temperature
change of water
as thermal
energy is added.
Heating Curve for Water
E
n
e
r
g
y
J
o
u
l
e
s
3500
3000
2500
Heat of Vaporization ---
2000
1500
1000
500
<---Heat of Fusion
0
-50
0
50
100
Temperature (° C )
150
• The average kinetic energy of the water
molecules doesn’t change.
Heating Curve for Water
• The temperature
remains constant
during melting.
E
n
e
r
g
y
J
o
u
l
e
s
3500
3000
2500
Heat of Vaporization ---
2000
1500
1000
500
<---Heat of Fusion
0
-50
0
50
100
Temperature (° C )
150
• After the liquid water
has changed
completely into a gas,
the temperature of
the gas increases as
energy is added.
(Does this graph
remind you of
anything?)
Heating Curve for Water
E
n
e
r
g
y
J
o
u
l
e
s
3500
3000
2500
Heat of Vaporization ---
2000
1500
1000
500
<---Heat of Fusion
0
-50
0
50
100
Temperature (° C )
150
Thermal Expansion
The Thermal Expansion of
Matter
• The increased separation between the
particles results in the expansion of the
object, and the size of the object increases.
• When a material cools, the particles in the
material move more slowly and become closer
together.
Thermal Expansion of
Liquids
• The forces between the particles in liquids
are weaker than the forces between the
particles in a solid.
• The same temperature increase usually
causes liquids to expand much more
than solids.
Thermal Expansion of
Gases
• In a gas, the forces between particles are
much weaker than they are in liquids.
• Gases expand even more than liquids for
the same increase in temperature.
Section Check:
Question 1
_________ is a state of matter consisting of
positively and negatively charged particles that
exists where the temperature is extremely high.
A.
B.
C.
D.
gas
liquid
plasma
solid
Answer
The answer is C. Plasma is found in the Sun,
stars, lightning bolts, and neon lights.
Question 2
Most __________ materials have a specific
type of geometric arrangement.
A.
B.
C.
D.
gaseous
inert
liquid
solid
Answer
The answer is D. The particles in most solids
align themselves in ordered geometric
patterns.
Question 3
The amount of energy required to change 1 kg of
a substance from a solid to a liquid at its melting
point is known as the _______.
A.
B.
C.
D.
heat of energy
heat of fusion
heat of melting
heat of vaporization
Answer
The correct answer is B. Heat of fusion
causes an ice cube to become liquid water.
Quiz
Answer the following 10 questions in
your science notebooks. You may use
your notes to help answer the
questions.
Question 1
 True or False: Liquids have a definite
volume and a definite shape.
Question 2
 Particles are packed tightest for which state
of matter?
Question 3
 Particles are farthest apart for which state
of matter?
Question 4
 Put the states of matter in order from
greatest to least in terms of particle kinetic
energy.
Question 5
 Change from liquid to gas is called
_____.
Question 6
 Change from liquid to solid is called
_____.
Question 7
 Change from gas to liquid is called
_____.
Question 8
 Change from solid to liquid is called
_____.
Question 9
 Which changes of state require
absorption of energy?
Question 10
 Which changes of state result in the
release of energy?
Check Your Answers
 1 – false
 2 – solid
 3 – plasma
 4 – plasma, gas, liquid, solid
 5 – evaporation
 6 – freezing
 7 – condensation
 8 – melting
 9 – solid to liquid (melting), liquid to gas (vaporization)
 10 – gas to liquid (condensation), liquid to solid
(freezing)