Transcript Slide 1

Phases of Indian Legal System
Ancient Hindu Period
Mediaeval Muslim Period
British Period
Post Independence Period
Hindu Period:
Judicial System in Ancient India
King’s Court
(Highest Court)
Court of Chief Justice
Tribunals (Board of Judges)
Stationary Courts
Movable Courts
Commissions
Arbitrator (Klan) Jurisdiction
Endowments
Irrigation
Cultivable Land
Punishment of Crime
Trade & Family Disputes
The Muslim Period:
Judicial System in Mediaeval India
SULTANATE OF DELHI
PERIOD
MUGAL PERIOD
(1526-1750)
(1206-1526)
KING’S COURT
Apex Authority
EMPEROR’S COURT
Apex Civil & Criminal Cases
QUZI-UL-QUZAT
Court of Chief Justice
DIWAN-E- MUZALIM
COURT OF CHIEF QUAZI
Court of Chief Justice
Highest Court of Criminal Appeal
DIWAN-E- RISALAT
COURT OF QUAZIS
Highest Court of Civil Appeal
Local Civil & Criminal Matters
SAADRE JEHAN’S COURT
Formed In 1248 in Place of Chief
Justice's Court Headed by Chief Quazi)
COURT OF DIWAN-E-SIYASAT
To Deal with Rebels
DIWAN-E-ALA
Chief Revenue Court
British Period:
Pre-Independence Period
Privy Council
1872-1949
Federal Court
(1937 - 26th January 1950)
Mayor’s Court
Bombay
Mufassil
Faujdari Adalat
Mayor’s Court
Calcutta
Mufassil Diwani
Adalat
Sadar Nizamat
Adalat
Mayor’s Court
Madras
Sadar Diwani
Adalat
Indian Judiciary
(Post-Independence Period)
Supreme Court
High Courts
Subordinate Courts or Lower Courts in District Level
Civil Courts
Lok
Adalats
Criminal Court
Village
Panchayats
Specialized Tribunals
Appellate Trib. for Electricity
Central Administrative Trib.
Central Excise Ser. Tax App.
Debts Rec. Trib.-I, Chennai
Intellectual Pro. App., Chennai
Income Tax Appellate Trib.
Railway Claims Tribunal
Status of Legal Education & Research in India
Genesis of Legal Profession in India
THE ADVOCATES ACT, 1961
BAR COUNCIL OF INDIA, 1983
NLS BANGALORE: FIRST LAW SCHOOL, 1986
CURRENTLY 17 LAW SCHOOLS &
900 LAW COLLEGES & UNIVERSITIES IN INDIA
Sources of Law
Basic Pillars Of Legal Research
Legal
Journals &
Scholarships
Legislation
Treaties
Case Laws
Law Reform
Reports
Primary Sources
Primary Resources
 Constitution of India


Constituent Assembly Debates
Legislation
 Law Reforms

Reports

Law Commission Reports

Committee/Commission Reports
 Treaties

Bare Acts/Manuals/Local Acts

Indian Treaties Series

Parliamentary Debates

International Indian Treaty Council

Parliamentary Bills

Gazettes
 Case Law

Supreme Court of India Judgments

High Courts of Indian States Judgments

District Courts & Tribunals Decisions
 Law Journals

Academic Journals

Reporting Journals

Journals containing only Legislative materials such as
Acts, Rules, Notifications
Academic Law Journals
Name Of Journal
Publisher
Civil and Military Law Journal
Deep and Deep
Cochin University Law Review
Frequency
Format
Quarterly
Print
School of Legal Studies Cochin
University of Science Technology, Cochin
Yearly
Print
Crime in India
National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of
Home Affairs
Yearly
Print
Delhi Law Review
Faculty of Law, University of Delhi
Yearly
Print
Environmental Law & Practice Review
NALSAR University of Law
Yearly
Print+Online
Journal of India Law Institute (JILI)
Indian Law Institute, Delhi
Yearly
Online
India Journal of Criminology & Criminalities
National Institute Of Criminology & Forensic
Science
Indian Bar Review
Bar Council of India Trust
Indian Journal of Constitutional and
Parliamentary Studies
The Institute Of Constitutional and
Parliamentary Studies, Delhi
Quarterly
Indian Journal of Intellectual Property Rights
CSIR-National Institute of Science
Communication and Information (NISCAIR)
Bimonthly Print+Online
http://www.niscair.res.in/
Quarterly
Yearly
Print+Online
Print
Print+Online
Reporting Journals
Name of Reporting Journal
Publishers ID
Publisher
Frequency
All India High Court Cases
AIHC
AIR Nagpur
Monthly
All India Reporter
AIR
AIR, Nagpur
Monthly
Arbitration Law Reporter
ARBLR
ALR, New Delhi
Monthly
Company Cases
CompCas
Company Law Institute of
India Ltd.
Monthly
Company Law Journal
Comp L J
AIR Nagpur
Monthly
Consumer Protection Judgments
CPJ
DLT Publication
Monthly
Corporate Law Adviser
CLA
Jus Scriptum Magnus
Fortnightly
Criminal Law Journal
CriLJ
O K Seth & Co.
Monthly
Divorce and Matrimonial Cases
DMC
DLT Publication
Monthly
Income Tax Reporter
ITR
Company Law Inst. of India
Monthly
Indian Law Reports
ILR
Registry of High Courts
Monthly
Labour Law Journal
LLJ
Wadhwa Nagpur
Monthly
Supreme Court Cases
SCC
Eastern Book Co.
Weekly
Supreme Court Reporter
SCR
Supreme Court of India
Weekly
Secondary Sources
Secondary Resources
Commentaries on Specific Laws
Title of Book
Author
Publisher
Annual Survey of Indian Law
ILI
Indian Law Institute
Constitution of India
P. M. Bakshi
Universal Law Publishing
Code of Civil Procedure
Mulla
LexisNexis Butterworth India
Constitution of India
V. N. Shukla
Eastern Book Co.
Commentaries of Indian Penal Code
K. D. Gaur
LexisNexis Butterworth India
General Principles of Criminal Law
K.N.C. Pillai
Eastern Book Co.
Law of Civil Procedure
S. C. Sarkar
Wadhwa and Co.
Human Rights and Inhuman Wrong
V.K. Krishna Iyer
B R publishing
Human Rights in Constitutional Law
D. D . Basu
LexisNexis Butterworth India
Secondary Resources
Law Digests/ Encyclopedias
Title
Author
Publisher
Complete Digest of Supreme Court Cases
Surendra Malik
Eastern Book Co.
AIR Supreme Court Monthly Digest
Editors(AIR)
AIR Pvt. Ltd
Direct Tax Digest
Editors(Taxmann)
Taxmann Publication
40 Years Digest on Arbitration Cases
S. M. Goel
Arbitration Law
Labour Law Digest
Editors(AIR)
Wadhwa & Co.
Halsbury’s Laws of India
---------------
LexisNexis Butterworth
Encyclopedia of Statutory Rules under Central Acts
Malik and Manchanda Delhi Law House
Supreme Court on Company Cases
Advanced Law Lexicon
Jus-Scriptum
Corporate Law Adviser
P. Ramanatha Aiyar
Concise Law Dictionary
P. Ramanatha Aiyar
LexisNexis Butterworth
Wadhwa
LexisNexis Butterworth
Wadhwa
Tertiary Sources
Tertiary Resources
Index to Indian Legal Journal Articles
Title
Author
Publisher
Frequency
Index to Indian Legal Periodicals
ILI
Indian Law Institute
Index to Indian & Foreign Legal Articles NLU, Delhi National Law University, Delhi
Yearly
Yearly
Equal Citation Indices
Title
Publisher
Supreme Court of India, Comparative Table – Nominal Table
Hindustan Publication, Delhi
Directories
Title
Publisher
Directory of Law Colleges in India
Indian Law Institute
Directory of Universities and Colleges in India
Association of Indian Universities
ACCESSING INDIAN LEGAL INFORMATION
IN THE DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT
Commercial
Databases
Public Domain
Legal Resources
Commercial Databases
SCC Online
Web Edition
www.scconline.co.in
Manupatra
Westlaw India
www.manupatra.com
www.westlawindia.com
Lexis® India
www.lexisnexis.co.in
Commercial Databases
SCC Online Web Edition
Covering Judgment of Supreme Court of
India (1950 -till date) & All High Courts
Privy Council- Indian Appeals Cases
(1872-1949)
Tribunals’ Decisions
Central Legislation, Bylaws and
Regulations of India
Constituent Assembly Debates of India
Law Commission of India Reports
International Material
English Reports (1865- till date)
Weekly Law Reports (1951 -till date)
Human Rights Treaties & Conventions
Academic Legal Articles published in
SCC Law Report, Practical Lawyers and
Law Magazine.
Commercial Databases
Westlaw India
Supreme Court of India Judgments
High Courts Judgments
Tribunal Decisions
Central Legislation of India
Legislation of Indian States
Legal News and Current Awareness
Commercial Databases
Manupatra
Supreme Court cases from 1950 onwards
High Court judgments of all States
Judgments
from
Tribunals
and
Commissions
Central Bare Acts (including
amendments from 1878 onwards)
Notifications, Circulars of Ministries and
Departments of of Government of India
Bills and Ordinance Parliament of India
Law Commission of India Reports
Court Forms and Draft Agreements
E-Books published by Manupatra
Academic Legal Articles
Law Dictionary and Legal Maxims
Commercial Databases
Lexis® India
Supreme Court of India Judgment
1950 to till date
21 High Courts of Indian State
Judgments
1100 Central Bare Acts since 1878 of
India
Bills and Ordinance of Parliament of
India
Academic Legal Articles
Law Dictionary and Legal Maxims
Extensive library of books from each
area of law in a fully searchable format.
Commercial Databases
Comparative Table Showing Content Coverage of Indian Legal Databases
Content Coverage
SCCOnline
Manupatra.com
Westlaw India
Lexis® India
Supreme Court
1950 →
1950 →
1950 →
1950 →
All High Courts
21 High Court
20 High Courts
21 High Courts
Case Laws
Tribunals
Privy Council
21 High Court
04
Yes (Since 1914)
24
Yes
14
Yes
No
Yes
Central Act (Bare Acts)
State Acts
Notification & Circulars
Yes
No
No
Yes
14 States Covered
Yes
Yes
No
No
YES
Yes
No
Bills and Ordinances
No
Yes
Yes (Ordinance)
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
13 e- Books
No
Yes
No
Yes
Legislation
Reports
E Books
(Own Publication)
Articles
Articles Published in SCC
and Practical Lawyer
National Law School of
Indian Review
Public Domain Resources
Legislation
Indian Code
www.indiacode.nic.in
PRS Legislative Search
www.prsindia.org
Parliament of India Debates
www.loksabha.nic.in
India Code:
www.indiacode.nic.in
Legislation/
Code Search
PRS Legislative Search
www.prsindia.org
Bill Search
Current Developments
in Bills
Parliament of India Debates
www.parliamentof indian.nic.in
Parliamentary
Debates (Lok Sabha)
Parliamentary
Debates (Rajya
Sabha)
Public Domain Resources
Indian Judicial Pronouncements
Judgment Information System
www.judis.nic.in
Indian Kanoon
http://www.indiankanoon.org
Indian Courts
www.indiancourts.nic.in
Judgment Information System
www.judis.nic.in
Link to Other High
Courts, District Courts
& Tribunals
Multiple
Search
Options
Party Name
Search Option in
Supreme court of
India
Indian Kanoon
www.indiankanoon.org
Advanced
Search
Types of Information
available
Public Domain Resources
Law Reform Reports
Law Commission of India Reports
http://lawcommissionofindia.nic.in/
National Human Rights Commission, India Reports
http://nhrc.nic.in/
National Women Commission Reports
http://ncw.nic.in/frmPubReport.aspx
National Commission for SC/ST
http://ncsc.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=154
Law Commission of India Reports
www.lawcommissionofindia.nic.in
Latest Reports
Archival Collection of Reports
National Human Rights Commission, India
www.nhrc.nic.in
NHRC Documents
Public Domain Resources
Treaties
Bilateral Documents of India
http://www.mea.gov.in/mystart.php?id=5305
Indian Treaties
http://www.liiofindia.org/in/other/treaties/INTSer/
International India Treaty Council
http://treatycouncil.info/home.htm
Public Domain Resources
Legal Journals and Scholarships
Indian Police Journal
Journal of Parliamentary Affairs
http://bprd.nic.in/index3.asp?sslid=358&subsublinkid=115&lang=1
http://164.100.47.132/lssnew/JPI/JPI.htm
Indian Journal of Law & Tech.
Crime in India
http://www.liiofindia.org/in/journals/INJlLawTech/
http://ncrb.nic.in/ciiprevious/main.htm
Indian Law Institute Law Review
Journal of Intellectual Property
Rights
http://www.ili.ac.in/lawreview.htm
http://www.niscair.res.in/
India Law Journal
Legal Services India
http://indialawjournal.com/current_issue.html
http://legalserviceindia.com
Journal of National Human Rights
Commission
NALSAR Law Review
http://nhrc.nic.in/nhrc.htm
http://www.liiofindia.org/in/journals/NALSARLawRw/
Public Domain Resources
Non-Government Organizations’ Initiatives in India
Legal Information Institute of India
India Together
www.liiof india.org
www.indiatogether.org
Layers Club India
Legally India
www.lawyersclubindia.com
www.legallyindia.com
Legal India
Vakil No.1
www.legalindia.com
www.vakilno1.com
Laws of India
Human Rights Initiatives
www.lawsofindia.com
www.humanrightsinitiatives.org
Helpline Law
The Centre for the Internet & Society
www.helplinelaw.com
http://cis-india.org/
Legal Information Institute of India
www.liiofindia.org
The Legal Information Institute of India (LII of India) <www.liiofindia.org> is an
international standard, free-access and non-profit, comprehensive online collection of
Indian legal information.
Aim: Free access to all types of Indian legal information to benefit the Indian public,
lawyers, businesses & researchers, and international users who need to know about
India law particularly valuable to those who are less well-off
Partners: Six Leading Law Universities & IIT Kharagpur.
Data Providers: Data provided primarily by Indian courts & government agencies –
builds on pioneering work of NIC & JUDIS, NGOs etc.
Legal Information Institute of India
www.liiofindia.org
LII of India is part of a global free access to law community, making Indian law more accessible to the world
The 34th member of the Free Access to Law Movement
WorldLII, CommonLII & AsianLII portals with 20 other LIIs across the globe
Indian law on LII of India can be searched from them
Hypertext links and international citator connect contents
Pillars of LII of India
151 databases
Case law - over 300,000 post-Independence cases from 37
Courts & Tribunals
Legislation - the India Code from 1836, + 60 State &
Territory databases
Legal scholarship (500+ articles) from 10 Indian law journals ,
and elsewhere
Law reform reports
Bilateral treaties (800+) from the Foreign Ministry and the
UNTS
What value does a LII add?
All 151
databases
searchable
simultaneously
or separately
Cases and
legislation
together
from every
State or
Territory
Powerful
search
engine –
Results can
be ranked
by
relevance,
date,
citations etc
Hypertext
links from
references
to cases or
legislation
LawCite
Citator
tracks all
citations of
cases and
articles
Comparative Analysis:
Commercial Legal Databases
&
Public Domain Resources
Growth & Development
of Law Libraries in India
Types of Law Libraries in India
Academic Law Libraries
Courts Libraries
Department of Law & Justice Libraries
Bar Associations Libraries
Law Practitioners Libraries
Growth & Development
of Law Libraries in Delhi
USER POPULATION
S. No.
Name of the University/ Institutions/ Colleges
1
Amity Law School Library (Affiliated to GGS IP University, Delhi) Noida, Delhi NCR Region
2
Campus Law Centre Library, Faculty of Law, University of Delhi, North Campus, New Delhi
3
Centre for the Study of Law and Governance Library, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi
4
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Law Department Library, Dwarka, New Delhi
5
Indian Law Institute Library: Deemed University, Bhagwan Das Road, New Delhi
6
Jamia Milia Islamia University, Law Library, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi
7
Law Centre- I Library, Faculty of Law, University of Delhi, North Campus, New Delhi
8
Law Centre- II Library, Faculty of Law, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi
9
National Law University Delhi, Justice T.P.S Chawla Library, Dwarka, New Delhi.
10
Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies (Affiliated to GGS IP University), New Delhi
Use of Computers for Legal Research
Not Used,
3.4
Used, 96.6
Preference in Using Databases for Legal Research
Commercial Databases
(23.7%)
Public Domain Legal
Resources (27.5%)
Both Commercial and
PDLRs 43.2%
Not Responded 5.7%
User Awareness :Public Domain Resources in Law
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Awareness %
Non-Awareness %
Open Search
Through Search
Engines
86.6
Government
Websites
Institutional
Websites
NGO Portals
74
72.5
49
13.4
26
27.5
51
Preference : Commercial Databases & Public
Domain Resources
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Case Law Search
Legislative Search
Legal Article
Search
Law Reform
Reports
Treaties
Commercial Databases
34.1
16.5
30.1
16.9
17.6
PDRs
23.7
47.7
36.6
55.7
51.3
Both
29.4
16.7
18.6
11.6
9.1
No Response
12.9
19.1
14.8
15.9
22
Preference : Commercial Databases
& Public Domain Resources
Whether Scholarly
Information must be
available in Public Domain
Satisfaction in Providing
PDRs in place of Commercial
Databases
Where PDRs are Deficient
in Comparison to
Commercial Databases
87.5
35%
Dis Agree
25.4
65%
Agree
12.5
Satisfied
Agree
Not Agree
Not Satisfied
68.8
Findings
96.6 % Users prefer Computer Assisted Legal Research (CALR) for their routine
research work.
43.2% Academic Law Library users use commercial databases as well as public
domain resources for their research.
86.6% of users use search engines like Google, Yahoo etc. for availing
information through open internet search. 74% access government websites and
72.5 % of users use institutional websites, 49% access NGO & other web
information.
34.1% users prefer to access commercial databases for case law search whereas
the users prefers to access PDRs for other legal search.
87.5% says scholarly information must be available in Public Domain, 68.8%
agree that PDRs are still deficient in comparison to commercial databases
Suggestions
The global access to information is essential for socioeconomic development
and for promoting the rule of law.
Indian Government should support the Montreal Declaration on free access to
law as a fundamental right for democratization of information.
The Electronic Databases should be designed more comprehensively and
especially considering the need and requirement of all stakeholders of law.
There should be a networking of libraries supporting cooperation in sharing
digital commons and promoting information exchange.
Law librarians must be involved in classroom teaching in support of legal
research techniques.
Contd……
Suggestions
More focus should be given to “Law Libraries Conferences And Seminars” to
inculcate latest developments and techniques in the librarians. There should be
provided a single platform for all stockholders of information to address discuss and
deliberate all issues of importance and betterment of legal research in the digital age.
On the model of International Association Of Law Libraries and American
Association of Law Libraries, the librarians of leading law schools must establish
Indian Law Libraries Association for looking after the interests of law libraries in
India.
Department of Library And Information Science of Universities in India must
introduce a special paper for degree/diploma programmes for law librarianship.
Open Access or Public Domain Resources must be strengthened by making it more
authentic and informative, comprehensive and integrated. A prescribed rules and
regulations must be framed for establishing standards among information available
in open access initiatives.
Conclusion
•The users of academic law libraries
are more inclined towards public
domain resources as compared to
commercial databases for legal
research.
•Government
and
institutional
websites are considered as authentic
sources of information.
• 87.5 per cent of users point out
that there is an urgent need to
strengthen the PDRs as some of the
legal information is still considered
deficient in terms of authentication as
well as content coverage as compared
to commercially availability of
information.
INTERNATONAL LAW REPORTS & JOURNALS
Stacking racks for reference & text books
Inauguration of Justice T.P.S. Chawla
Library 14th August 2010
INNER VIEW OF THE LIBRARY
STUDY CARRELS & SITTING ARRANGEMENT