Transcript America and World War II

Foreign Policy Leading up to
WWII
0 Washington Conference (1921-1922)
0 8 great powers
0 Set limits on armaments
0 Reaffirmed Open Door Policy
0 Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
0 Pledge not to use military force
0 The League of Nations
0 Met continuously in Geneva, Switzerland to ensure peace
0 The Treaty of Versailles
0 1933: few believed it would hold up with rise of dictatorships
in Japan, Germany, and Italy
Hoover’s Foreign Policy
0 Isolationism
0 Viewed peace
conferences and treaties
as moral efforts
0 Opposed using economic
sanctions against
aggressors
Japanese Aggression in
Manchuria
0 Japan defied the League of Nations and the Open Door
policy by invading China in 1931
0 Established a puppet government in Manchuria
0 League of Nations only passed a resolution condemning
Japan’s actions
Stimson Doctrine
0 U.S. response stronger
than the League’s response
0 Secretary of State Stimson
stated that the U.S. would
honor the Nine-Power
Treaty (1922) and refused
to recognize the Chinese
government in Manchuria
0 League of Nations
endorsed the Doctrine
Latin America
0 1929: Hoover went on a
goodwill tour of the
region
0 Ended interventionist
policies of Taft and
Wilson
0 Arranged for U.S. troops
to leave Nicaragua in
1933
0 Negotiated a treaty with
Haiti to remove all U.S.
troops by 1934
Franklin Roosevelt’s Policies,
1933-1938
The Great Depression resulted in mostly isolationism
during his 1st term.
Good-Neighbor Policy
0 1933: Roosevelt promised a “policy of the
good neighbor” toward other nations of the
Western Hemisphere
0 Sought Latin America’s cooperation in
defending the region from potential danger of
Germany and Italy
0 Pan-American Conferences
0 Cuba: Congress nullified the Platt Amendment
and only retained Guantanamo Bay
0 Mexico seized oil properties held by U.S.
companies and Roosevelt did not intervene;
only helped to negotiate settlements
Economic Diplomacy
0 London Economic Conference (1933)
0 Roosevelt withdrew support after proposals were made to
stabilize currencies
0 Recognition of the Soviet Union
0 Wanted to increase trade and boost economy
0 Philippines
0 Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934)
0 Gradual removal of U.S.
0 Complete independence by 1946
0 Reciprocal Trade Agreements
0 Lowered tariffs
0 President given power to reduce tariffs by 50% for nations that
reciprocated
Events Abroad
0 Fascism and Aggressive Militarism
0 Italy
0 Germany
0 Japan
American Isolationists
0 U.S. was nationalistic, but expressed itself differently than the
fascists and militarists
0 Revisionist History of WWI
0 1930’s belief that the U.S. entry into WWI had been a mistake
0 Neutrality Acts
0 1935: authorized the president to prohibit all arms shipments
and forbade U.S. citizens to travel on ships of belligerent nations
0 1936: forbade loans to belligerents
0 Forbade shipment of arms to opposing sides in the civil war in
Spain
0 America First Committee
0 1940: Isolationists worried about FDR’s pro-British policies
0 Speakers like Charles Lindbergh traveled country warning about
the dangers of joining the war
Prelude to War
0 Appeasement
0 Ethiopia, 1935
0 Rhineland, 1936
0 China, 1937
0 Sudetenland, 1938
0 U.S. Response
0 Roosevelt’s Quarantine
Speech
0 FDR dropped ideas due to
isolationist opposition
0 Preparedness
0 Arms Build-Up
From Neutrality to War, 1939-1941
0 Invasion of Poland
0 Blitzkrieg
0 Changing U.S. Policy
0 “Cash and Carry”
0 Selective Service Act (1940)
0 Destroyers-for-bases Deal
The Election of 1940
0 Wendell Willkie
(R)
0 Results
0 FDR won for 3rd
time with 54% of
popular vote
0 Why did he win?
0 Strong economic
recovers due to
arms buildup
0 Fear of war by
voters, so stuck
with experience
leader
Arsenal of Democracy
0 FDR’s Four Freedoms Speech
0 Committed to
0
0
0
0
Freedom of speech
Freedom of religion
Freedom from want
Freedom from fear
0 Lend-Lease Act
0 Atlantic Charter
0 Affirmed peace objectives at end of war
0 Self-determination
0 No territorial expansion
0 Free trade
0 Shoot-on-Sight
Disputes with Japan
0 U.S. Economic Action
0 Froze Japanese
assets in U.S.
0 Cut off access to U.S.
materials, including
oil
0 Negotiations
0 Pearl Harbor
0 Partial Surprise
0 Declaration of War
The Home Front
0 Industrial Production
0 War Production Board
0 Office of War Mobilization
0 Wages, prices, and rationing
0 Office of Price Administration
0 Unions
0 Financing the War
0 Increased income tax
0 War Bonds
Impact on Society
0 African Americans
0 Double “V” Slogan
0 NAACP membership increased
0 Congress of Racial Equality
(CORE) created
0 Mexican Americans
0 Braceros allowed to enter work
force
0 Zoot Suit Riots broke out in LA
0 Native Americans
0 Japanese Americans
0 Executive Order 9066
0 Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)
0 Women
0 Propaganda
0 Office of War Information
Fighting Germany
0 Defense at sea, attacks by
air
0 From North Africa to Italy
0 From D day to victory in
Europe
0 German surrender and
discovery of the Holocaust
Fighting Japan
0 Turning point, 1942
0 Battle of Midway
0 Island-hopping
0 Major battles
0 Battle of Leyte Gulf: reoccupation of the
Philippines
0 Battle of Okinawa
0 Atomic bombs
0 Manhattan
Project/Alamogordo, NM
0 Hiroshima and Nagasaki
0 Japan surrenders
Wartime Conferences
0 The Big Three (U.S., Soviet Union, and
Great Britain)
0 Tehran
0 Brits and Americans would begin
drive to liberate France
0 Yalta
0 Divide Germany into 4 zones
0 Soviets to enter war against Japan
0 United Nations would be formed
0 Death of FDR
0 April 12, 1945
0 Potsdam
0 Agreed to issue a warning to Japan to
surrender unconditionally
0 Hold war-crime trials of Nazi leaders
The War’s Legacy
0 Costs
0 300,000 Americans died
and 800,000 wounded
0 $320 billion
0 Federal spending had
increased 1000%
between 1939-1945
0 National debt: $250
billion (5x what it had
been in 1941)
0 The United Nations
0 Expectations
0 The Cold War Begins