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The High Middle Ages Section 1
The High Middle Ages
The Crusades
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• Starting Points Map: Europe,1095
• Quick Facts: Causes and Effects of the Crusades
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Section 1
The High Middle Ages Section 1
The Crusades
Main Idea
The Crusades, a series of attempts to gain Christian control of the Holy Land, had a profound economic, political, and social impact on the societies involved.
Reading Focus
• Why did the Europeans launch the Crusades?
• What happened during the Crusades?
• What were the effects of the Crusades?
The High Middle Ages Section 1
Launching the Crusades
Goal of Crusades Muslims Control Holy Land
• European Christians launched series of religious wars,
Crusades
, in Middle Ages • Goal to take Jerusalem,
Holy Land
, away from Muslims • Jerusalem site of Holy Temple of Jews, also where Jesus crucified, buried, was to come again • Vital to Christians to control city • Jerusalem in control of North African Muslims, Fatimids, late 1000s • Turkish Muslims took control of Persia, other lands, persecuted Christians visiting region • Turks attacked Byzantine Empire, destroyed army, 1071 • Emperor turned to Western Europe,
Pope Urban II
, for help
The High Middle Ages
The Council of Clermont
Section 1 Pope Urban II called church leaders to council in Clermont, France
•
Described dangers faced by Byzantines
•
Called on Christian warriors to put aside differences, fight against Turks
– Effective call to arms – Hundreds of knights, nobles volunteered for Crusade – Set out to meet foes with slogan “God wills it!”
The High Middle Ages
Sequence
Section 1
What events led to the call for a Crusade?
Answer(s):
Seljuk Turks conquered Holy Land, threatened Byzantines; Byzantine emperor called on pope for assistance
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Fighting the Crusades
Crusaders left France in 1096 in First Crusade. In all, nine Crusades set out between 1096 and 1291 to claim or protect the Holy Land.
First Crusade
• Crusaders in two groups, peasants and knights • Unskilled peasants answered Pope’s call – Eager to fight non-Christians in Holy Land – On the way attacked and slaughtered German Jews despite protests – Fell to Seljuk Turkish army at Jerusalem
Knights
• Better trained in warfare than peasants, but unprepared for hardship of journey • Traveled three years • Siege of Jerusalem victory for Crusaders, disaster for city • Renamed four states in Holy Land, intended to be strongholds against future Muslim conquests
The High Middle Ages Section 1 Second Crusade
• Muslims began retaking lands lost in First Crusade • Took city of Edessa, capital of one Crusader state, 1144 • European leaders called for Second Crusade, launched in 1147 • Second Crusade a failure, took no lands from Muslims
Third Crusade
• New leader arose in Muslim world, 1177 • Salah ad-Din, known to Europeans as
Saladin
• Overthrew Fatimids, took title of sultan • Set out to take back Crusader states, succeeded, drove European Christians out of Jerusalem
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Third Crusade
Three Kings
• Richard, Philip, Frederick set out from Europe on Third Crusade • Frederick was killed, Philip quarreled with Richard, returned home • Only King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England fought in Holy Land
Mutual Respect
• Richard, Saladin admired each other as military leaders, gentlemen • Made proposals for peace, including marriage alliance of Richard’s sister, Saladin’s brother; never took place because of religious differences
Fierce Fighting
• Richard, Saladin fought fiercely for control of Holy Land • Richard won several battles, not able to drive Muslims out of Holy Land • Richard could not take Jerusalem, had to return to England
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Fourth and Later Crusades
Fourth Crusade, 1201
• Jerusalem still in Muslim hands • Crusaders could not pay Venetians to take them to Holy Land • In lieu of payment, Crusaders agreed to attack Zara
Zara
• Zara once belonged to Venice, now held by Christian king of Hungary • Pope angered that Christian city attacked, excommunicated all
Constantinople
• Crusaders pushed on • Attacked Christian city of Constantinople • Ransacked city, made one leader new emperor
More Failures
• Disorganization, lack of leadership made Fourth Crusade failure • Five other Crusades followed, none successful
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The High Middle Ages Section 1
The High Middle Ages Section 1
The High Middle Ages
Find the Main Idea
Section 1
What was the goal of the Crusades?
Answer(s):
to take Jerusalem and the Holy Land away from the Muslims who controlled it
The High Middle Ages Section 1
Effects of the Crusades
Economic Changes
• Historic evidence of trade between Muslims, Byzantines, Europeans prior to Crusades • Crusades enhanced existing trade • Returning Crusaders brought more goods, spices, textiles, to Europe • Increase in trade added to changing European economy during Middle Ages
Political Changes
• Crusades led to deaths of many knights, nobles • Lands left vulnerable • Other ambitious nobles took control of unoccupied lands • Nobles then had more power, influence in Europe
Social Changes
• Some Europeans respected other cultures, others intolerant • Many viewed non-Christians as enemies, persecuted Jews • Holy Land Jews saw Crusaders as cruel invaders • Relations strained for centuries
The High Middle Ages Section 1
The High Middle Ages
Draw Conclusions
Section 1
Why did people’s attitudes change after the Crusades?
Answer(s):
Europeans became more intolerant and saw Jews and Muslims as enemies; Jews and Muslims saw the Crusaders as enemies