Transcript Slide 1

Chapter 22 :The Civil War
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The Southerners were convinced their cause was right and left the
Union = succession.
The Northerners wanted to preserve the Union and fight to
abolish slavery.
Civil War = a conflict between two peoples in one country. This
divides family and friends not just states, making it a more difficult
war.
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• The border states, Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware
decided to stay with the Union or northern states, although
many fought for the south.
• Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas decide to stay
with the Confederacy. The Western countries of Virginia
remained loyal to the union so they broke away and become a
new state called West Virginia which then became part of the
union.
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Preparing for war
• President Lincoln called
for 75,000 volunteers to
serve in the Union army
against the South.
• Both the North and the
South thought it would be
a quick victory.
• Jefferson Davis was the
newly elected president
for the Confederacy (the
South).
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Strengths of the South
STRENGTHS =
• South had a much larger area of land to cover which would
make it hard to invade and conquer
• The Southern Coastline allowed the south to get supplies from
Europe (The North would need a large Navy to stop this)
• The South could win by defending their territory until North got
tired of fighting
• Strong military leadership – Robert E. Lee was against slavery
and secession but could not fight against Virginia (his home) so
he resigned from the Army to become commander-in-chief of
the Confederate forces.
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Weaknesses of the South
WEAKNESSES =
• Population of 9 million
• The North could split the South in 2 pieces if they got
control of the Mississippi River
• Their economy could not support a long war
• Very few factories to make weapons and supplies
• Transportation problems - no railroad network to move
supplies
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Strengths of the North
STRENGTHS =
• Strong Leader = Abraham Lincoln
• Population = 22 million
• Were richer and more technologically advanced (90%
manufacturing in the North)
• Geographic advantages + more farms = more food for troops
• Its land had most of the country’s iron, coal, copper and gold
• Controlled the seas
• There was 21,000 miles of railroad track which allowed soldiers
to move supplies wherever they were needed.
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Weaknesses of the North
WEAKNESSES =
• Weak military leadership (1/3 of
the officers resigned and
returned to their homes in the
South)
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The War’s Leaders
Jefferson Davis • Became president of the Confederate/Southern
states.
• Born in Kentucky in a log cabin
• Davis went to West Point Military Academy.
• He served our country in the Mexican War and was
Secretary of War under the 14th President Pierce.
• Was a U.S. Senator for Mississippi until he resigned
when Mi left the Union.
• Served on the South b/c of a sense of duty.
Abraham Lincoln –
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16th President (Union would never be broken)
Born in Kentucky
Had limited schooling but a craving for knowledge
Became a Lawyer before entering politics and was
6”4’ tall
• Was patient, thoughtful and tolerant of others with a
good sense of humor
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The North’s 3 step strategy for winning
the war
1. Surround the South
by land and sea to cut
off trade.
2. Divide the South into
sections so that one
region could not help
another.
3. Capture Richmond,
Virginia the capital of
the South and destroy
the government.
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• Was a strong supporter
of the South
• Used her friendship with
government officials in
the North to find out
when and how the Union
planned to attack
Richmond.
• Rose warned the
Southern military leaders
of the North’s plans.
• She smuggled a coded
note to them in the curls
of a young girl.
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The Battle of Bull Run: A Southern
On July 12, 1861 President
Victory
Lincoln sent troops from
Washington, D.C. to
Richmond, Virginia. As soon
as they left Washington the
Union soldiers clashed with
the Confederate soldiers
near a small stream called
Bull Run because Greenhow
had warned the Southern
soldiers the North was
coming.
First major battle of the Civil War
• Thomas Jackson, the general for the Confederacy, held his
ground like a “stone wall.” Jackson henceforth became
known as General “Stonewall Jackson." At the end of the
battle the Union retreated back to Washington. The
Confederate soldiers won the first major battle of the Civil
War and it was a shocking blow to the North.
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Many women took an interest in the war effort.
• Women took care of their families on the home front and went to
work in factories for the 1st time.
• They also worked as nurses helping soldiers on the battlefield.
• Dorothea Dix who helped reform prisons and mental
hospitals, became director of the Union army’s nursing
service.
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- She made strict rules about accepting
nurses onto the battlefield.
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nurses.
- She wanted women over 30, plain in looks,
physically strong, and willing to do
disgusting work.
- Her nickname was “DRAGON DIX”
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Many women took an interest in the war effort.
An Angel in Battlefield
• Women also served the military forces as
messengers, soldiers and spies
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President Lincoln appointed
General George McClellan as the
Commander of the Union Army.
McClellan was too cautious and
was not aggressive in his battles
against the Confederate Soldiers.
Robert
E. Lee
Jefferson Davis
appointed General
Robert E. Lee as the
Commander of the
Confederate Army.
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Battle of Antietam - A Union Victory but both sides loose too many men
•
Took place on September, 1862, in Antietam, Maryland.
•
At this battle General Lee (South) led an army into Maryland (a Union border
state near Washington D.C.) in the hopes that they could convince Maryland
to join the South. Lee ended up leaving a copy of his battle plans at an
abandoned campsite. General George McClellan (North) had a clear chance
at victory when he saw the plans, but he acted to slowly on it. As a result,
23,000 Union and Confederate soldiers died in battle, more than in the War of
1812 and Mexican War combined. McClellan (Union) claimed victory but it
was considered the bloodiest day of the war.
• General George McClellan did a poor job, so he was replaced by General
Burnside as the Commander of the Army of the Potomac, after the George
McClellan army failed at this opportunity to win the war.
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General Burnside
The New Realities of War
• In past wars, battles were
won with bayonets
• New improved weapons
made killing at a distance
much easier.
-Rifles replaced with
muskets
- Improved cannons
and artillery
• Medical care was not
advanced
- doctors did not
know causes of
infections
- surgeons operated
in dirty tents with
basic instruments
and didn’t wash
hands between
patients which
spread infections
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•
Soldiers often refused medical care
because death rate was so high
•
More soldiers died of disease than
wounds.
•
For every soldier that died in battle, 3 died
of typhoid, pneumonia and other diseases
living in the camps.
Amputations
Soldier had rag soaked with chloroform
put over face to knock them out.
First Surgeon would cut off blood flow
with tourniquet.
Then he’d use a hacksaw-like tool called a
capital saw to saw through bone.
After the bone and flesh was sliced off,
surgeon would take silk sutures in the
North, and cotton sutures in the South,
and sew the major arteries and veins
together.
The limb would be dropped on a pile that
got thrown out after the day.
Time was of the essence, so the soldier
would be carried off of the platform and
another soldier would be placed on 18
the
platform (15 mins)
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Civil War Amputation Kit
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By mid-1862 President Lincoln felt he
must begin to address the issue of
slavery. He felt he could save the
Union if he broadened the goals of
the war. So Lincoln decided to issue
the Emancipation Proclamation to
free enslaved African Americans
living in the Confederacy (South).
The word, emancipate means, to set
free.
On January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued
the formal Emancipation
Proclamation that stated that
declared:
What did Lincoln declare
with these words in his
speech?
“On the 1st day of January, in the
year of the Lord 1863, all persons
held as slaves within any state
or...part of a state whose
people...shall be then,
thenceforward, and forever free.”
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The Proclamation declared slaves in
all confederate states to be free,
however the South simply ignored the
document.
What does this mean to all African American people?
Declaring an end to slavery would discourage
Europeans who were against slavery from helping he
South.
Freeing slaves could also deprive the South a large part
of its workforce.
It turned the war into a crusade for freedom
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Despite the Emancipation Proclamation, African Americans
still worked in the South as slaves on plantations. However,
many slaves slowed down their work or refused to work at
all. In this way, they hoped to weaken the South's war effort.
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Since the rebelling
states were not
under Union
Control, no slaves
actually gained
freedom on January
1st, 1863. Still the
Emancipation
Proclamation
changed the
character of the war.
Click on the picture to see the original document
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- Both the North and South ran out of
volunteers to fill their armies.
- In 1862 – The south passed the first
draft law.
- All white men aged 18-35
yrs. could be called for 3
yrs. of military service
- North’s draft law included
men aged 20-45 yrs.
- A drafted man could avoid the
army by paying a substitute to
take his place (300.00 $).
- Thus the war became known as “A
rich man’s war and a poor mans
fight.”
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• On July 1, 1863, Union and
Confederate troops met West of
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
• 90,000 Union troops lead by
George C. Meade occupied four
miles of high ground along
Cemetery Ridge.
• Union gunners opened wholes in
the South’s advancing lines and
they struck down the Southern
troops who made it to Cemetery
Ridge in hand to hand combat.
• Losses were tragic – 17,500 Union • Lee who had lost 1/3 of his army
went back to Virginia.
soldiers and 23,000 Confederate
a
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soldiers were killed or wounded in • From here on out he would wage
defensive war on southern soil.
3 days of battle
Opposition to War in the North
Some Northerner Democrats were against using force to keep the
South in the Union. They wanted to restore peace rather than save
the Union or end slavery. Republicans called these people
Copperheads, after a poisonous snake. Other Northerners
supported the war but opposed the way Lincoln was handling it.
.
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Draft Riots Break Out
Some Northerners hated
being forced to fight to end
slavery
Others saw it as a military
dictatorship
A riot broke out in New York
City in July 1863 in which
people burned draft notices
and fought police.
Crowds of angry white New
Yorkers targeted African
Americans killing almost 100.
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President Lincoln moved to
stop the riots and other
"disloyal practices." Several
times, he suspended habeas
corpus, the right to be charged
or have a hearing before being
jailed. Lincoln argued that the
Constitution allowed him to
deny people their rights "when
in the cases of rebellion or
invasion,” and when “the
public safety may require it."
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Four months after the draft riots, Lincoln traveled to
Gettysburg. On November 19, 1863 President Lincoln
gave a dedication speech at a cemetery overlooking the
battlefield where soldiers died. This speech became
known as the Gettysburg Address. It was one of the most
important speeches in American History. The speech was
similar to that of the Declaration of Independence.
“…that we
here highly
resolve that
these dead
shall not have
died in vain that this nation
under God,
shall have a
new birth of
freedom.”
“…and that
government
of the
people, by
the people
and for the
people, shall
not perish
from the
earth.”
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Ironclad Ships
• In the battles of the Civil War the navy used ships covered in steel for the
first time. These ships were called ironclad ships. The Confederates used a
steel ship called the Merrimack to fight the war. They covered the ship with
steel and renamed it the Virginia. On its voyage, this Southern ironclad
destroyed 3 wooden Union ships and threatened the entire Northern
blockade Fleet.
• The Union used a steel ship called the Monitor to face the Virginia. This
was the first Union ironclad that held its own in battle, however neither
the North or the South could claim victory with their ironclad ships.
• In the end neither of the two ships was seriously damaged but both sides
realized that ironclad ships had changed naval warfare forever.
Merrimack or Virginia
Monitor
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Union Won Victories in the West
Ironclads were also part of the Union’s way of dividing up
the South by taking control of the Mississippi River.
The Union gained controlled of both ends of the
Mississippi. The South could no longer move supplies up
and down the river, but the North couldn’t either until it
gained control of Vicksburg, Mississippi.
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General Ulysses S. Grant
Click on the picture to learn more.
Soon General Ulysses
S. Grant was appointed
as the new General and
Commander of the
Union Army. General
Burnside was replaced
because the Union was
not winning any battles.
Lincoln was looking for
a General that would
lead the Union to a
victory. Lincoln
believed grant could
win the war.
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• Grant’s army took control of New
Orleans, Memphis and the
Mississippi River dividing the
south into two.
• Grant’s army also had cut off the
South’s trade with Europe.
• General Grant then battled his way
to Vicksburg attacking the town.
• For 6 weeks, Union gunboats
shelled the city from the river while
Grant’s army attacked it from land.
Slowly Union troops made their
way into the city.
• People in Vicksburg dug caves into
hillsides for protection and were
forced to eat horses, mules, dogs
and rats until they finally
surrendered on July 4, 1863.
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African Americans in the War
At the start of the war, African
Americans were forbidden to fight
in the war as soldiers. In 1862
Congress repealed this law and
allowed free and escaped Africans
to fight in the war. 186,000 African
Americans fought for the Union
Army. Another 30,000 joined the
Navy.
Nearly 40,000 African Americans lost
their lives fighting for their freedom in
the war.
Click on the picture to learn more.
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Many African American regiments were commanded by
white officers. Massachusetts was one of the first states
to issue an all black regiment. They were called the 54th
Massachusetts Regiment and were commanded by
Robert Gould Shaw.
In 1863 near Charleston, the 54th Regiment forced
their way into combat with the South at Fort Wagner.
To reach the fort, troops had to cross 200 yrds of
open sandy beach making it an impossible mission.
Shaw and half of the 54th regiment soldiers were
killed. They finally pulled back, but the courage of the
54th Regiment won the respect of other African
American Soldiers.
The 54th Regiment was
known as “the bravest of
the brave.”
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Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Infantry
Appomattox: Total War Brings an End
• As the war raged on people began to realize that the Union
Army commanded by Grant was going to win the war. His
strategy was simple: find your enemy, strike him as hard
and as often as you can and keep moving on.
• Grant would lead a large force against Lee to capture
Richmond and Sherman would lead a 2nd army into Georgia
to take Atlanta.
General Ulysses
S. Grant
General William
Tecumseh Sherman
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ON TO RICHMOND
• Grant invaded Virginia with 100,00 men who met
Lee’s army of 60,000 men. In 2 days Grant lost
18,000 men yet refused to retreat. Then he followed
Lee’s army to Cold Harbor where he lost 7,000 men
in 15 min. Grant’s losses equaled about Lee’s entire
army but he was able to get reinforcements and
more men, whereas Lee who also suffered heavy
losses, could not.
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Grant’s Plan for TOTAL WAR Against the South
General Grant decided to destroy the South's ability to fight
the war. Grant ordered his generals to wage total war against
the South (war on the enemy’s will to fight and support an
army.) He wanted the Union army to destroy food, equipment,
and anything else they found that might be useful to the
enemy (South).
General Grant said:
“Leave nothing to invite the enemy to return. Destroy
whatever cannot be consumed. Let the valley be left so that
crows flying over it will have to carry their rations along with
them”
What does Grant say
with these words?
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• Sherman left Tennessee for
Georgia with orders to “do all the
damage he could.”
• This was the South’s most
important rail and manufacturing
center.
• Sherman set the city ablaze.
After burning Atlanta, Sherman’s
troops march to Savannah,
Georgia.
• As his troops marched through
Georgia, they destroyed
everything they found of value.
Fields were burned, houses
robbed, food supplies were
burned or stolen. Dead horses,
hogs and cattle lined the street.
• In 1864, Sherman captured
Savannah and waited for Grant’s
final attack on Richmond.
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The Reelection of Lincoln
In 1864, the Northern Democrats nominated McClellan to
run against Lincoln. Lincoln doubted he would be reelected because Grant seemed stuck in Northern Virginia
and there was no end in sight for the fighting. Then just
in time, General Sherman takes Atlanta and Sheridan
destroys the Shenandoah Valley. Because of this,
Lincoln becomes reelected for a second term.
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• For 9 months Grant’s army battles
Lee’s army at Petersburg, the
gateway to Richmond.
• On April 1st, 1865, the Union forces
break through South lines to
capture Richmond.
• Grant’s soldiers quickly surround
Lee’s army and there is nothing left
for Lee to do.
• On April 9th, 1965, Lee surrenders
his army at the Appomattox
Courthouse.
• Grant’s terms of surrender were
generous: Southern soldiers could
go home if they promised to stop
fighting. They could take their own
horses and mules with them and
they could keep their swords and
weapons. Grant also ordered food
to be sent to Lee’s starving men.
Surrender at the
Appomattox Courthouse:
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The War Comes to
an End
The war is over.
General Grant said:
"The war is over,
the rebels are our
countrymen again.”
What did Grant
say in his
statement?
As a result of the war
more than 360,000
Union soldiers died
and 250,000
Confederate soldiers
lost their lives.
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