Chapter 20, Section 2 - Union Endicott High School
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Transcript Chapter 20, Section 2 - Union Endicott High School
Chapter 21, Section 2:
An Age of Cities
Main Idea: Vast numbers of
people migrated to cities,
changing urban landscapes and
creating new problems.
A. City Populations
Boom
In 1860, less than 20% of
Americans lived in a city. By
1890, 33%. By 1920, over 50%.
Causes of City Growth
(Urbanization)
Industrialization = factory jobs
to attract workers
Immigration
Lack of available land (settling
of West completed) & farming
became less popular (too
difficult)
* African Americans moved to
northern cities in large numbers
to escape segregation/Jim Crow
in the South.
B. City Life
Most cities were set up with poor crowded into the center,
middle-class surrounding them, and the rich farthest out:
Poor: lived in crowded slums called tenements, with
no windows, heat or indoor bathrooms. Disease spread
rapidly due to crowded conditions.
Middle-class: doctors, lawyers, office workers, etc.
Neat houses on nice streets, belonged to clubs &
organizations.
Rich: lived in mansions on estates, traveled to Europe,
threw lavish parties, bought art, attended opera, etc.
C. Cleaning Up the Cities
Overcrowding led to other problems such as fires,
garbage, pollution, crime, etc.
Reformers pushed for improvements:
Building codes (fire escapes, plumbing, etc.)
Garbage collection, street cleaning, etc.
Zoning laws (keep factories out of neighborhoods)
Professional fire companies & police forces
Street lights, public transportation, water & sewage
systems
•New buildings were required to have fire escapes and plumbing.
Typical tenement fire-escape serving as an extension of the flat
• Garbage collection and street cleaning began regularly.
Street cleaning, Fourth Street
• Separate residential and industrial zones were developed.
D. Help for the Poor
Catholic Church – Mother
Cabrini
Salvation Army – food & shelter
for poor
YMCA/YWCA – activities for
young people to briefly escape
slum life
Settlement Houses – community
center that offers services to
poor (Hull House in Chicago by
Jane Addams was most famous)
• YMCA, YWCA
Basketball was invented in 1891 at a YMCA
The YWCA offered physical & educational programs
during lunch breaks to female factory workers.
Hull-House Nursery, ca. 1890s