Transcript Firefighter III - Fox Valley Career Center

FIREFIGHTER III
Module B
Building construction
3-16.1. Identify eight types of loads as they
apply to building construction:





A
Dead load:
1)
Weight of the structure, structural members,
building components and other feature that is
constant and immobile.
2)
Examples:
a)
Floor slab.
b)
Support columns.
3-16.1. Identify eight types of loads as they
apply to building construction:







B. Live loads:
1)
Loads that may be moved.
2)
Examples:
a)
Furniture.
b)
Vehicles.
c) Office partitions.
d) People.
3-16.1. Identify eight types of loads as they
apply to building construction:
C. Static Loads:
 a)
Loads that are applied slowly and remain
nearly constant.
 b)
Example: Filling a water tank.
3-16.1. Identify eight types of loads as they
apply to building construction:





D. Impact loads:
1)
Loads that are delivered in a short time
with a striking or collision affect.
2)
Examples:
a)
Firefighter jumping on roof.
b)
Striking roof with axe.
3-16.1. Identify eight types of loads as they
apply to building construction:
E. Repeated loads:
 1)
Loads that are applied intermittently.
 2)
Example: Tolling bridge crane.
F. Uniformly distributed loads:
 1)
Loads that are constant over an area.
3-16.1. Identify eight types of loads as they
apply to building construction:
G. Concentrated load:
 1)
Loads that are applied over a small contact
area.
H. Wind load:
 1)
Force applied to a building or structural
member by the wind.
3-16.2. Identify the three types of loads that
can be imposed on a building:


A. Axial load: Load applied to the center of the cross
section of a structural member and perpendicular to that
cross section.
B. Eccentric load: Load applied perpendicular to the cross
section of the structural member but is offset from the
center, creating a tendency in the member to bend.
C. Torsional load: Load that is offset from the center of the
cross section and at an angle to or in the same plane as the
section, creating a twisting effect in the member.
3-16.3. Identify the three ways materials can
be loaded as they apply to building
construction:



A. Compression: A force that is crushing or
pushing the mass of the material together.
B. Tension: Force that tends to pull material apart.
C. Shear: Force that tends to cause adjacent
planes in structural material to slide past one
another.
3-16.4. Identify eleven types
of floor structures:








A. Concrete:
1) Plain:
a) Does not contain reinforcing rods.
b) High compression strength.
c) Low tensile strength.
2) Reinforced:
a) Contains reinforcing rods.
b) Adds tensile strength.
3-16.4. Identify eleven types
of floor structures:












A. Concrete: (cont.)
3)
Poured in place:
a)
Concrete placed in forms at the construction site.
b)
Forms provide the final shape.
c) Reinforcing rods are placed in the forms prior to the concrete.
4)
Pre-cast:
a)
Concrete cast and hardened prior to being placed.
b)
Configurations:
(1) Slabs.
(2) Beams.
(3) T-Beams.
c) Flooring slabs are usually hollow to allow for utility service. These slabs
will usually be topped with a layer of concrete, tile, or surface finish.
3-16.4. Identify eleven types of floor structures:










A. Concrete: (cont.)
5) Pre-stressed:
a) Process used to increase the strength of concrete.
b) Compressive force applied prior to application of loads.
c) Permits concrete members to be thinner than ordinary concrete.
d) Useful for long spans or to reduce the dead load.
e) Techniques:
6) Pretension.
a) Concrete is hardened before stress is applied.
b) Steel strands between abutments.
c) After the concrete hardens, jacks are used to apply the tension.
3-16.4. Identify eleven types of floor structures:



B. Steel supported:
1) Steel beams used to support concrete.
2) Beams may be either solid or bar joists.
3-16.4. Identify eleven types of floor structures:




C. Wood:
1) Strength is more variable than steel or concrete.
2) Can be easily worked in the field.
3) Higher factors of safety in design.
3-16.4. Identify eleven types of floor structures:









C. Wood:
a)
Types of assemblies:
i)
Trusses:
(1) Components:
(a) Top Chord.- Flat
(b) Bottom Chord.
(c) Web (wood or metal).
(2) May fail quickly in fire situations.
(3) Lightweight materials.
3-16.4. Identify eleven types of floor structures:

C. Wood:

ii)





Laminated beams:
(1) Constructed from flat pieces of wood laid on their
sides.
(2) May delaminate.
iii) Box beams:
(1) Composite beams made with vertical plywood
webs.
(2) Not frequently used.
3-16.4. Identify eleven types of floor structures:








C. Wood:
iv) Plywood beams:
(1) Can be either I-Beam or box beam.
(2) Can be constructed using:
(a) Nails.
(b) Bolts.
(c) Glue.
(d) Combinations.
3-16.5. Identify six types of door construction:




A. Swinging:
1) Operate on hinges secured
to frames.
2) May be left or right handed.
3) Most convenient for entry
and passage avenues.
3-16.5. Identify six types of door construction:




B. Sliding:
1)Suspended on overhead
tracks.
2) Used for visual screen.
3) Eliminates door swings.
3-16.5. Identify six types of door construction:



C. Folding:
1)
Hung on overhead tracks.
2)
Also used for visual screening.
3-16.5. Identify six types of door construction:



D. Revolving:
1)
Revolve on central pivots at the top and
bottom.
2)
Present an obstruction to firefighters.
3-16.5. Identify six types of door construction:



E. Rolling:
1)
Housing and mechanism located at the head
and a curtain of interlocking metal slats.
2)
Used for service or fire doors.
3-16.5. Identify six types of door construction:



F. Fire doors:
1) Rated door assemblies.
2) Used to protect openings in
firewalls.
3-16.6. Identify ten types of window construction:







A. Fixed:
1)
Frame and glazed stationary sash.
2)
Not available for ventilation.
B. Double and single hung:
1)
Double- two operating sashes.
2)
Single- only the lower sash operates.
3)
Sashes move vertically within frame.
3-16.6. Identify ten types of window construction:






C. Casement:
1)
A slide-hinged sash.
2)
All of the windows available for ventilation.
D. Horizontal sliding:
1)
Two or more sashes that move horizontally
within the frame.
2)
Ventilating area is only 50%.
3-16.6. Identify ten types of window construction:






E. Awning:
1) One or more top-hinged,
out swinging sashes.
2) Ventilating area is
considered 100%.
F. Jalousie:
1) Small glass sections without
sashes.
Supported on the ends by
metal operating mechanism
3-16.6. Identify ten types of window construction:






G. Projected:
1)
Made from metal and
may be projected in or out.
2)
Types:
a)
Projected-out: Swings
outward at bottom and slides
down at top.
b)
Projected- in: Swing
inward at the top and are
usually hinged at the bottom.
c) Pivoted: Operated by a
push bar.
3-16.6. Identify ten types of window construction:




H. Hopper:
1)
Bottom- hinged in swing sashes.
2)
Similar to awning type.
3)
100% ventilation area.
3-16.6. Identify ten types of window construction:







I. Pivoted:
1)
One or more sashes that
are hinged or pivoted either in a
horizontal or vertical plane.
2)
Provide poor escape.
J. Security:
1)
Designed to prevent
unauthorized entry.
2)
Made of:
a)
Bars.
b)
Wire mesh.
3-16.7. Identify ten types of roof construction:




A
a)
b)
B
Flat:
Used in all types of buildings.
Usually not absolutely flat for drainage.
Shed- Slopes in only one direction.
3-16.7. Identify ten types of roof construction:



C. Pitched- Pitched in two directions.
D. Butterfly- Two shed roofs that meet at their low
point.
E. Hip- Slopes in four directions.
3-16.7. Identify ten types of roof construction:



F. Gambrel- Slopes in two
directions but has a change in
slope on both sides.
G. Mansard- Similar to gambrel
with double slope on all four
sides.
H. Saw-tooth- Used in industrial
building to facilitate ventilation
and natural lighting.
3-16.7. Identify ten types of roof construction:


I. Monitor- Provides for ventilation especially in
industrial buildings
J. Arched- A curved roof constructed with masonry
vault, bowstring truss, steel, concrete, or laminated
wood, arches.
3-16.8. Identify the construction features of the following
types of construction:






3-16.8.1. Mobile Homes:
A. Components:
1)
Chassis.
2)
Floor.
3)
Wall system.
4)
Roof system.
3-16.8. Identify the construction features of the following
types of construction:







3-16.8.1. Mobile Homes: (cont.)
B. Construction materials:
1)
Basically frame
construction.
2)
Other materials:
a)
Steel.
b)
Aluminum.
c) Gypsum wallboard.
3-16.8. Identify the construction features of the following
types of construction:






3-16.8.1. Mobile Homes:
(cont.)
C. Roof construction:
1) Shallow bowstring trusses.
2) Form void area.
3) Integrity.
4) Should be monitored.
3-16.8. Identify the construction features of the following
types of construction:




3-16.8.1. Mobile Homes: (cont.)
D. Wall construction:
1) Usually non-fire stopped 2 x 4 inch wood
construction.
2) Most studs on 36” centers.
3-16.8. Identify the construction features of the following
types of construction:





3-16.8.2. Prefabricated
construction:
A. Walls, floors, and ceilings
are manufactured complete
with plumbing, electrical
wiring and all mill work.
B. Erected on site.
C. Lightweight construction
promotes quick erection time.
D. Usually associated with
rapid fire spread due to
common voids.
3-16.8. Identify the construction features of the following
types of construction:




3-16.8.3. Modular construction:
A. Two or more sections built at
a factory with utilities installed.
B. Lightweight construction
components used.
C. Breaching of any structural
member may promote structural
collapse.
3-16.8. Identify the construction features of the following
types of construction:





3-16.8.4. Geodesic dome
construction:
A. Made of lightweight straight
structural elements installed to
form a tension load.
B. Design promotes a greater rate
of fire spread.
C. Difficulty in laddering building
due to shape.
D. Design may also result in rapid
degradation of structural stability.
3-16.8. Identify the construction features of the following
types of construction:




3-16.8.5. Log homes:
A. Constructed of solid
logs ranging in size from 4
“ to 9”.
B. Because of design they
may contain a large
amount of heat that can
lead to back draft.
C. If varnished will
increase the rapidity of
flame.
3-16.8. Identify the construction features of the following
types of construction:



3-16.8.6. Agricultural-type buildings:
A. Usually large buildings with a greater than
average square footage.
B. Use not limited to the agricultural or farm
environments.
3-16.8. Identify the construction features of the following
types of construction:








3-16.8.6. Agricultural-type buildings:
A
Construction types:
1)
Pole:
a)
Round sawed post sets set into the ground.
b)
When set in concrete the poles, girts, purlins, rafters, or
trusses form a complete frame.
c) Girts are used to reinforce the rigidity of the poles and
allow for attachment of siding.
d) Floor usually concrete but may be dirt or gravel.
e)
Roof usually truss, with metal sheets.
3-16.8. Identify the construction features of the following
types of construction:





3-16.8.6. Agricultural-type buildings:
Construction types: (cont.)
2)
Quonset:
a)
Prefabricated with curved metal panels formed to
construct a continuous curve.
b)
Wall and roof formed into one complete assembly.