Transcript Slide 1
Highlights on the Integrated Labour Force Survey (ILFS), 2006 Outline i. Background information ii. Objectives iii. Key Indicators of the Labour Market (KILM)
Background information
The 2006 ILFS was the fourth survey of its kind to be conducted by the Tanzanian government in collaboration with development partners and other stakeholders
The ILFS was implemented on behalf of the government by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) in collaboration with the Ministry of Labour, Employment and Youth Development
This survey was funded by by the government of Tanzania through Ministry of Planning, Economy and Empowerment (MPEE), Poverty Eradication Division in collaboration with development partners
General Objective
The 2006 ILFS was conducted so as to meet the monitoring data needs of cluster one of the National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP) or MKUKUTA in respect of growth and reduction of income poverty
Specific Objectives
Specifically the survey was to provide up-to-date data needed by the government and other stakeholders on human economic activities, and particularly those related to: i. the informal sector and its magnitude, ii. unemployment, iv. underemployment, iv. child labour and v. time use.
Key Indicators of the Labour Market (KILM), 2001 to 2006
Something wrong with my labour market?
KILM, 2006 - Questions
• What types of economic activities are people engaged in?
• What is the size and composition of the labour force?
• How many people are without work and are available for work?
• What types of inequalities exists In terms of : • employment by sex?
• earnings?
• education?
• Are earnings keeping pace with cost of living?
• How are youth and women faring in the labour market?
• How many hours do people work and how much do they earn for this work?
I
ntegrated
L
abour
F
orce
S
urvey (ILFS), 2006
K
ey
I
ndicators
of the L
abour
M
arket
KILM 1: Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR)
•
The LFPR measures the proportion of the country’s working age population that engages actively in economic activity, either by working (employed) or not working but available for work (unemployed)
•
An indication of the relative size of the supply of labour available for production of goods and services in the country
KILM 1: Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR)
Uses:
Development of human resources and in making p r o j e c t i o n s o f t h e f u t u r e s u p p l y o f l a b o u r -Training needs - Expected working labour force
To understand the labour market behaviour of different categories of the population -Youth - Women
88 87 86 85 91 90 89
KILM 1:
Trend of LFPR for pop. 15+ from 2000/01 to 2006 by sex 89.8
LFPR for males has slightly increased 88.3
86.9
90.5
88.8
89.6
Overall LFPR increased by 1.3% points for the past 5 years
2000/01 Male Female Total 2006
92 90 88 86 84 82 80 78 76 74 72
KILM 1:
Trend of LFPR for pop. 15+ from 2000/01 to 2006 by Area LFPR in rural areas slightly decreased 91 90.8
89.6
88.3
86.6
79.4
2000/01 2006 Urban Rural Total
KILM 2: Employment to population ratio
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Is the proportion of an that is employed economy’s working age population
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A person, of a specified age, is considered employed if during a specified brief period of one week was in:-
Paid employment (employees) or
Self – employment (employers, own – account workers, contributing family workers) Use:
Provides information on the ability of an economy to create jobs
KILM 2: Employment to population ratio for pop.15+ by sex (national definition)
76 74 72 70 82 80 78
79.4
74.4
76.8
80.8
77.6
79.2
There is slight increase for the past five years
2000/01 Male Female Total 2006
KILM 2: Employment to population ratio for pop.15+ by area (national definition)
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
53.6
86.3
Creation of jobs is declining in rural areas 76.8
67.0
84.0
79.2
2000/01 2006 Urban Rural Total
KILM 3: Status in employment
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Distinguishes between four categories of the total employment, i.e. a) Wage and salaried workers (also known as paid employees) b) Self- employed workers (non agriculture) c) Contributing family workers (also known as unpaid family workers) and d) Agriculture Use:
shows the structures of employment amongst the four categories
KILM 3: Percentage of the total employed pop.15+ by status (national definition)
100.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
84.1
8.4
6.1
1.4
2000/01 Paid Employees Self -employed
10.5
10.9
11.4
67.2
2006 Unpaid workers Agriculture
Agricultural workers takes a larger share in the total employment
KILM 4: Employment by sector
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Divides employment into six broad groupings of economic activities: 1) Central and local government 2) Parastatal organization 3) Agriculture 4) Private informal sector 5) Private other sector 6) Household duties Use:
shows the structure of employment amongst sectors, which can also be used for measurement of progress towards MDG- Goals
KILM 4: Percentage of the total employment by sector 15+ (national definition), 2006
Private others sector, 8.6
Household duties, 3.1
Private informal sector, 10.1
Central and local government, 2.6
Parastatal organization, 0.4
Public Sector is the least employer with only 3.0% of the total employed persons Private Sector Employs more than the Public Sector, with 18.7% of total employed persons Agricultural Sector employs more than 75% of the total employed persons
KILM 5: Hours of work
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G i v e s a n o v e r a l l p i c t u r e o f t h e t i m e t h a t t h e employed devote to work activities for both: 1) Usual hours 2) Current hours
KILM 5: Average usual hours of work per week on main activity 15+ (national definition), 2006
Own farm, 40 Paid employment, 57
Paid employees and self-employed persons usually spend more than 40 hours on average working per week
Unpaid, 38 Self employed, 55
KILM 5: Average current hours of work per week on main activity 15+ (national definition), 2006 Farmers and Contributing family members spend less than 40 hours on average working per week
Own farm, 30 Paid employment, 53
Paid employees and self-employed persons spend more than 40 hours on average working per week
Unpaid, 30 Self employed, 50
KILM 6: Employment in the Informal Sector
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Gives the ratio between the number of persons employed in the Informal Sector and the total number of employed persons Use:
It shows the structure and distribution of employment between formal and informal economy
14 12 10 2 0 8 6 4
KILM 6: Percentage of the total employment 15+ in the informal economy by sex, (national definition) Males are more employed in the Informal Sector than females 11.5
10.1
8.8
7.7
6.4
5.1
Share and number of persons employed in the Informal Sector has almost doubled
2000/01 Male Female Total 2006
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
KILM 6: Percentage of the total employment 15+ in the Informal Sector by area, (national definition) Urban Informal Sector employs more people than in rural areas 27.9
25.5
2.8
2000/01 Urban
6.4
Rural Total
4.5
2006
10.1
KILM 7: Unemployment rates
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Three definitions of employment and unemployment have been used in Tanzania since the 2000/01 Integrated Labour Force Survey in an attempt to reflect the real labour market situations of the local labour market.
a) International strict definition b) Relaxed International definition and c) Tanzania definition
KILM 7: Unemployment rates
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Internationally, unemployment includes all persons who during a specified references period (e.g. one week) were; a) without work i.e. were not in paid employment or self employment b) Currently available for work, c) Seeking work.
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However, ILO allows relaxation of definition to exclude seeking work criterion
KILM 7: Unemployment rates
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Relaxed International definition includes all persons who during a specified references period (e.g. one week) were; a) without work i.e. were not in paid employment or self employment b) Currently available for work (whether seeking for work or not)
•
But, in real sense both definitions do not suit developing countries labour market situations since some persons are marginally attached to their employment
KILM 7: Unemployment rates
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Thus, National definition of unemployment includes all persons who during a specified references period (e.g. one week) were; a) without work i.e. were not in paid employment or self employment b) Currently available for work, c) Working but marginally attached to their employment Unemployment Rate:-
Unemployment rate is the proportion of unemployed persons to the labour force (Employed + Unemployed)
KILM 7: Unemployment rates Uses of unemployment rate indicator:
Provides the broadest indicator of the Labour market situation in economies such as measurement of unutilized labour supply and performance of the economy
15.0
14.5
14.0
13.5
13.0
12.5
12.0
11.5
11.0
10.5
10.0
KILM 7: Trend of Unemployment rates for pop. 15+ by sex, (national definition)
14.4
Despite the decreasing trend of unemployment rate for females, the female rate is still higher than for males
13.0
11.6
12.6
11.7
10.7
2000/01 Male Female 2006 Total
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
KILM 7: Trend of Unemployment rates for pop. 15+ by area, (national definition) 32.6
Although urban unemployment rate has decreased but is still higher than in rural areas 7.9
13.0
22.6
7.5
11.7
2000/01 Urban Rural Total 2006
KILM 7: Unemployment rates and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
13.0
5.7
11.7
6.7
Gap between Unemployment rate and the GDP decreases as the GDP increases.
GDP 2000/01 2006 Unemployment rate (National Definition)
KILM 8: Youth unemployment
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Two definitions of youth have been used a) Persons in the age group 15-24 years have been used for comparison with other countries; and b) Persons in the age group(15-35 years) is in accordance with the national definition of youth
19 18 17 16 15 14 13
KILM 8: Trend of Youth (15-24yrs) unemployment rates (national definition)
18.2
Despite the sharply decreasing trend of youth unemployment rate for females, the female youth rate is still higher than for youth males
16.5
14.8
15.4
14.9
14.3
2000/01 Male Female 2006 Total
18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11
KILM 8: Trend of Youth (15-35yrs) unemployment rates (national definition)
17.4
15.9
Despite the decreasing trend of youth unemployment rate for females, the female youth unemployment rate is still higher than for youth males
14.1
14.3
13.4
12.3
2000/01 Male Female 2006 Total
KILM 9: Long term unemployment
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Measures the duration of unemployment (one year or more), that is, the length of time that an unemployed person has been without work and looking for work
KILM 8: Percentage of the long –term unemployment to the total Unemployed person 15+ (National definition)
25 20
There are more females in long term unemployment than males for the past five years 21.9
21.8
20 17.5
17.9
15 10
13.0
Long term unemployment decreased for the past five years
5 0 2000/01 Male Female Total 2006
KILM 10: Time – related under employment
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Gives the number of employed persons who worked less than normal working hours (40 hours) per week and available for more work
Uses:-
Reflects underutilization of the productive capacity of the employed population
It relates to an alternative employment situation in which persons are willing and available to engage
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
KILM 10: Percentage of the time related under-employed persons to the labour force 15+ (national definition) Males are more underemployed than females for the past five years 7.3
6.9
6.5
6.5
5.7
5.0
There is slight increase of under-employed persons for the past five years
2000/01 Male Female Total 2006
KILM 11: Inactivity rates
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Refers to those who are not engaged in any productive activity and are not available for work during the reference period of the survey
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Reasons for a person to be classified as not economically active: a) Such person may be occupied in caring for family members, b) may be retired, c) sick or disabled or attending school, and believe no jobs are available or may simply not want to work
14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
KILM 11: Inactivity rates for pop.15+ years by sex
10.2
Despite the decreasing trend of inactive rate for females, the inactive rate for female is still higher than for males 13.1
11.7
11.2
10.4
9.5
The rate of inactive persons has slightly decreased for the past five years
2000/01 Male Female Total 2006
25 20
KILM 11: Inactivity rates for pop.15+ years by area
20.6
There is large decrease of inactivity rate in urban areas for the past five yeas, but the rate is still higher than in rural areas
15
13.4
11.7
10.4
9.2
10
9
5 0 2000/01 Urban Rural Total 2006
KILM 12: Education attainment and illiteracy
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Reflects the level and distribution of the knowledge and skills base of the labour force i.e. human capital formation w h i c h i s e s s e n t i a l f o r d e v e l o p m e n t i n g e n e r a l
KILM 12: Percentage of illiterate person 15+ in the labour force by sex
Illiterate for female in the labour force is decreasing but is higher than that of males
50 45 40
41.1
36.4
35
32.6
28.7
30 25 20
23.6
20.5
15 10 5
Proportion of illiterate persons in the labour force has slightly decreased for the past five years
0 2000/01 2006 Male Female Total
KILM 12: Percentage of illiterate person 15+ in the labour force by area
There are more than twice Illiterate persons in the labour force in rural areas as compares to urban areas
45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
15.9
37 32.6
12.1
35 28.7
2000/01 2006 Urban Rural Total
KILM 13: Average direct wages and salaries in Tanzanian shillings
•
Wages and salaries are substantial form of income, accruing to a high proportion of the economically active population
Use:-
Essential in evaluating the living standards and conditions of work and life of workers in the economy
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 120 110 100 90 80 70
KILM 13: Average direct wages and salaries of paid employees 15+ (‘000’) by sex On average, males earn more than females 106.3
55.7
40.5
51.3
79 98.5
The average direct wages and salaries of paid employees has almost doubled for both male and females in the past five years
2000/01 Male Female Total 2006
KILM 13: Average direct wages and salaries of paid employees 15+ (‘000’) by area On average, paid employees in urban areas earn twice as much as paid employees in rural areas
140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
69.4
32.2
51.3
122.3
66.4
98.5
2000/01 Urban Rural Total 2006