Transcript Slide 1

The Cold War Heats Up
Section 2 and 3
The unsuccessful United Nations
• The international community looked to the
United Nations to protect
• Because the Soviet Union was on the
Security Council they used their veto
power to dismiss postwar problems
• St. Laurent- was the Canadian Foreign
Minister who proposed creating an
organization to protect against Soviet
agression
NATO
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization was
developed, based on collective security,
“an attack on one is an attack on all.”
• Canada, US, Italy, France, Britain etc.
• In response to NATO, the Soviet Union will
create the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance
with its satellite nations
Fear of Communism Grows
Stronger
• Two events heightened our fear:
• Truman made the announcement that the Soviet
Union had an atomic bomb
• Communist take over China
Problems in China
• China’s civil war between the Nationalists and
the Communists had been an ongoing battle but
was stopped in order to fend off Japan in WW II
• Now, Communist leader Mao Zedong and
Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek
• The US at first helped the Nationalist but
realized it was a lost battle and focused more on
supporting Europe from communism
Communism at Home
• During the Great Depression many
Americans joined the communist party
because of disbelief in the American
system
• During Stalin’s reign, people started to
question and distrust the communists
• In America, those people that were
communist were disregarded and their 1st
amendment rights were attacked
Anxiety Spreads
• Americans saw the spread of communism
as a threat
• China, most of Europe etc. had fallen to
this opposite form of government
• There were many professionals, rumors of
politicians and spies who were
“communists”
HUAC
• House Un-American Activities Committee,
developed in 1938 to investigate disloyalty
but now was used to probe out
Communists in the government
• HUAC will pinpoint Hollywood because
they power to influence the public
The Hollywood Ten
• 1947, HUAC called a number of
Hollywood big dogs to testify
• The Hollywood figures had little chance to
defend themselves against flimsy
evidence that they were communists
• When they tried to speak they were told to
shut up, they refused to testify, held in
contempt and served jail time
Blacklists
• People were outraged by the behavior of
the Hollywood big stars and created a
Blacklist of people who should not be hired
• Films stopped dealing with social issues
such as racism and anti-Semitism
McCarran Walter Act
• Senator McCarran was convinced that disloyal
Americans came from other countries or
immigrants
• McCarran Walter Act reaffirmed the quota
system and discriminated against Asian and
Southern and Central European immigrants
• Truman refused to sign, said it was “ the most
un-American thing he has ever seen” but was
passed over the president’s veto
Can’t Trust Your Neighbors
• There were
• 2 spy cases that really causes people to
question
• 1. Alger Hiss- State department official was
accused of being a communist by Whittaker
Chambers, a communist and former Time editor
• Hiss sued Whittaker but was accused of lying to
a jury, and he went to jail, many felt unrightfully
ARE YOU A COMMY?
• Just a few months after Alger’s conviction Julius
and Ethel Rosenberg, who were communists
were blamed for giving out secrets to the atomic
bomb
• They were found guilty of espionage and
executed in 1953
• Later, after investigation of secret documents,
Hiss and Rosenberg were found to guilty, Ethel
was said to have known a bit but was not guilty
of espionage
The Korean War, America’s
Forgotten War
• There had been continuous tension between
China and communists and Japan
• Their was a massacre between the Chinese
Nationalists and Communists
• Nationalists lost support because of their harsh
treatment, high taxes, and corruption
• Mao promised equality and the Nationalists
retreated to Taiwan
Dividing Korea
• Korea was under the harsh rule of Japan during
WW II
• They hoped that after the war ended their nation
would be restored but careful plans for
independence were at the end of everyone’s list
• The agreement for the time was that Soviet
troops took control of the north of the 38th
parellel and the US allies to the South
What Changed????
• Because of US and Soviet presence, the
North and the South became communist
and pro-American
• Our forces and Soviet withdrew in 1948
and 49
• 1950 Northern troops stormed across the
38th parallel determined to reunite Korea
by force
The Fight
• The US was shocked and blamed the
Soviets, wrongly, they were up to it
• Now the US was scared because China
was communist and now Korea
• Truman felt that through the US new policy
they had to act to meet the challenger and
help the weak
The disagreement at the UN
• The US refused to vote China into the UN,
the Soviet walked out in anger, they were
not there to veto the conversation on North
Korea
• Everyone agreed to help the South and
send in troops
• Truman sent the 17th fleet to Taiwan and
air, naval and later ground troops to South
Korea
Another War
• The US will provide 80% of the fire power
for this war
• Douglas MacArthur led US forces in Korea
• He was responsible for establishing a new
government in Japan and most strategy in
the Pacific
• Rhee, the brutal president of Korea was
supported by the United States
Strategize!!!!
• MacArthur was successful in pushing back
the North Koreans by attacking at Inchon
behind enemy supply lines
• North Koreans went back behind the 38th
parallel and there was talk of UNITED
Korea but the Chinese communists feared
a western take over
• They will warn the UN not to come over
the border but MacArthur does not listen
Stalemate……..
• The Chinese troops enforced with North Korean
troops pushed UN forces past the Yalu river
• A stalemate occurred, and MacArthur wanted to
open a second front
• Truman opposed the strategy fearing it would
lead to wide spread war
• MacArthur will publicly attack the President’s
strategy and Truman will fire him
Effects of the Korean War
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US frustration
54,000 were killed and for what?
103,000 were wounded
First war in which the whites served with blacks
Now we had permanent mobilization
Created a military-industrial complex combining
military and science employing 3.5 million
FINAL OUTLINE
McCarthy’s Rise
• Senator McCarthy had the idea that 205
communists were in the government
• Sparked a communist scare in the US
• McCarthyism- baseless claims and
bullying by McCarthy of supposed
communists
• Lost creditability when went against the
army televised
The years of Eisenhower
• Eisenhower will continue containment without
the risk of war with the Soviets
• Stalin died suddenly in March of 53 and more
moderate leaders came to power
• There were also problems in the Middle EastJews sought refuge in Palestine controlled by
British
• Disputes between Arabs and Jews, each wanted
their own state
• Israel was Jewish and Arabs attacked
Nuclear Weapons
• The US and the Soviet Union were in an
arms race- the struggle to gain military
superiority
• Deterrence- US made their military so
strong that no enemy would dare to attack
• One of our tests was 750 times stronger
than the bombs dropped on Japan
• Brinkmanship-if you are afraid to go to the
brink you are lost
Soviets Push Ahead
• We were having problems launching the
nuclear bombs
• The Soviet launched the Sputnik, the
rocket used to launch it into space could
launch bombs to American shores
Postwar Economy
• US gross national product jumped
• Per capita income- the average annual income
per person increased 1,223 to 2,219
• Industry focused again on consumer goods
• Businesses developed conglomerates a
corporation made up of three or more unrelated
businesses, because of fear of what happened
during the depression
• Franchises also opened- first one McDonald’s
because of new machinery
New Technology
• Television- technology had been
developed in 1920’s but was halted
because of war (Mickey Mouse Club,
American Bandstand)
• Computers became big
• Nuclear power was on the rise Walt
Disney will explain to children
• Advances in medicine- polio, penicillin,
heart defects
Baby Boom
• With people making more money and living
better the birth rate will skyrocket in the mid1940’s
• Growing families needed more room to live, so
the GI Bill of Rights gave low interest mortgages
to purchase new homes and educational
stipends for college
• Growth of suburbs caused auto makers to
change designs and highways to be built
The End
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Hand out review
Test on Thursday
A bit about Vietnam and Civil Rights
Monday and Tuesday Final Review sheet
(extra credit)
• Add up skips for points
• Finals