Transcript The Colonies Come of Age

The Colonies Come of Age
Standard 2 Notes
SSUSH2-Student will trace the
ways that the economy and society
of British North America developed.
a. Explain the development of mercantilism
and the trans-Atlantic trade.
b. Describe the Middle Passage, growth of
African population, and African-American
culture.
c. Identify Benjamin Franklin as a symbol of
social mobility and individualism
d. Explain the significance of the Great
Awakening
Mercantilism
• Although many colonists benefited form
the trade relationship with the home
country, the real purpose of the colonial
system was to enrich Britain
• Mercantilism: a country’s ultimate goal
was self sufficiency and that all countries
were in a competition to acquire the most
gold and silver
The Colonies
• New England Colonies: Massachusetts,
New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode
Island
• Middle Colonies: New York, Delaware,
New Jersey, Pennsylvania
• Southern Colonies: Virginia, Maryland,
North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia
The Navigation Acts
• The colonists exported to England large
amounts of raw materials and staples and
imported manufactured goods
• However, not all products produced ended
up at English docks
• England views the colonists pursuit of
foreign markets as an economic threat
The Navigation Acts
• Parliament passes “The Navigation Acts”
• These state that:
– No country could trade with the colonies unless goods
are shipped in English or colonial vessels
– All vessels had to be operated by crews that were
75% either English or Colonial
– The colonies could export certain products only to
England
– Almost all goods traded between the colonies and
Europe first had to pass through an English Port
Tensions Emerge
• The Navigation Acts do not sit
well with all colonists
• Many colonists (MA) continued
to smuggle goods elsewhere
• After Mass. failed to obey
English law, the King revokes the
charter
• King James II succeeds Charles,
and combines the northern
colonies into the “Dominion of
New England”
King James II
The Glorious Revolution
• King James II appointed Sir Edmund
Andros to be governor
• Andros made enemies quick…
• Increase Mather was sent to England as a
diplomat, but the Glorious Revolution
occurs first
• William and Mary take over the thrown in a
bloodless revolution
The Glorious Revolution
• The English government rapidly restored
the status of the New England Colonies
• The new charter had some changes
however…
– King appointed a governor in each colony
– Required more religious toleration
– Required non-Puritan representation in the
assembly
England Loosens the Reins
• Salutary neglect:
– Parliament first strengthens the Navigation
Acts
• MOVES TRAILS TO ENGLAND
• CREATED THE BOARD OF TRADE
– Officials only loosely enforced rules
– As long as raw materials kept coming, and
manufactured goods were being bought, than
England would ignore the rules
The Seeds of Self-Government
• The colonial assembly, not the King, paid
the governors salary
• The colonies used their purse to persuade
(bribed) governors to pass laws and
appoint judges
• They began to get a taste of selfgovernment
• Salutary Neglect worked because most
colonists were loyal to England
The Agricultural South
Main Ideas
• In the south, a predominately agricultural
society developed
• Terms:
– Cash crop
– Slave
– Triangle Trade
– Middle Passage
– Stono Rebellion
A Plantation Economy Arises
• Southern colonists had staked their
livelihood on the fertile soil of the
south
• Most specialized in raising a single
cash crop – one grown primarily for
sale rather than for the farmer’s
own use
• Plantations developed instead of
towns
• A diverse population emerges
• Small farmers made up the majority of the
population
• Women in Southern society, and Northern
society as well, shared a common trait:
second-class citizen
Slavery Becomes Entrenched
• People eventually turned to slavery to fulfill
there need for labor
• Unlike indentured servants, slaves were
for life, so it was a better investment
• Colonists began to convince themselves
that the African’s darker skin made them
inferior
• 1690 – 13,000 slaves, 1750 – 200,000
The European Slave Trade
• England began to import slaves to the
West Indies first
• The African population on Barbados was
3X that of the white population
• Africans became part of the Triangle Trade
• The leg of the trade was considered the
“Middle Passage”
The Middle Passage
• Sickening cruelty characterized this
journey
• Africans were whipped and branded
• Africans fell victim to diseases
• Many jumped to their deaths from the
ships
• 20%+ died in route to America
Slavery in the South
• 80-90% worked in fields
• On large plantations slaves were managed
by the owner or field boss
• On small farms, slaves worked alongside
their master
• 10-20% worked in the house
• Work started at age 12, and lasted until
death
Africans Cope in Their New World
• Wove baskets and made pottery like in
Africa
• Sang songs
• Created new families
• The ring shout – a dance
Resistance and Revolt
• Faked illness, broke tools, staging work
slowdowns
• Some openly revolted… Stono Rebellion
• 20 slaves gathered around the Stono
River and killed planters and their families,
invited slaves to join them, and announced
their intention to go to Spanish-held
Florida
• The South continued to develop
agriculturally, and became more and more
dependent on slavery
• This was not the case in the North
• The North’s economy was based on
commerce instead of agriculture, so the
need for slaves did not exist
The Commercial North
• Main Ideas: The Northern colonies
developed a predominantly urban society,
based on commerce and trade
• The states that were once the Northern
colonies remain predominantly urban
today
• Terms: Enlightenment, Benjamin Franklin,
Jonathon Edwards, Great Awakening
Commerce Grows in the North
• The theory of Mercantilism held that
colonies were there to help the home
country amass wealth
• From 1650 to 1750 the colonies saw their
own economy grow twice as fast as that of
England
• Much of this growth was in the Northern
and Middle colonies
A Diversified Economy
• Farmers were restricted to small farms
because of cold winters and rocky soil
• The grew several crops instead of one
• Exported surplus crops to the West Indies
• Lumber, Iron smelting, and shipbuilding
also became major industries
Northern Society is Diverse
• Groups included immigrants, African
Americans, and women
• There is an influx of immigrants
• African, Dutch, Scottish, English, German,
Irish, etc.
• Slavery exists, though not as much as in
the south
• Racial prejudices against blacks existed
Salem
• February, 1692 – strict limitations on women’s
roles combined with social tensions strained
relations with the Native Americans and religious
fanaticism
• Several Salem girls accused a slave woman of
witchcraft
• After drawing attention, the began to accuse
others
• 19 people were hanged, 1 crushing, 4-5 die in
jail, and 150 are imprisoned
The Enlightenment
• Ideas about nature gained prevalence in
the 1700’s in a movement called the
enlightenment
• An outstanding figure of the enlightenment
was Benjamin Franklin
• Also affects political thought, leading
Thomas Jefferson to believe that men had
“natural rights”
The Great Awakening
• By the early 1700’s, the Puritan Church
had lost its grip
• Preachers traveled from village to village
stirring people to rededicate themselves to
God
• These preachers attracted 1000’s
• The resulting religious revival was known
as “The Great Awakening”