Transcript 中國俠文化

The Culture of Xia
DaZhi senior high school
Wu Tai Fu
Chang Che Yao
Chen Ying Chun
Lin Chun Ying
Kuo Sung Hua
Film
The Chinese word “俠”
The Chinese word “俠”, which is pronounced
as “Xia”, stands for an abstract concept. It has
existed since ancient China. When this concept
first came into being, to nowadays，the
meaning of Xia has changed continuously. We’ll
introduce it to you more clearly in the following
pages.
The Motive of the Study
• In 2000, when the Oscar-winning movie “Crouching
Tiger Hidden Dragon” was played in the western
countries and ended up successfully, this movie really
motivates people’s interest of what “Xia” is. The movie
features flying swordsmen move lightly across the
bamboo treetops through the forest without leaving
their footprints, brandishing their sword nimbly. These
make westerners curious as well as doubtful about Xia.
• The gist of our study is to explicate Xia, compare
some similar concepts with Xia in order to discuss the
differences in the multicultural society, and try to make
people understand the process and meaning of the
culture of Xia.
The Range of the Study
• Most western people associate the Xia with chivalry.
However, we think that the word, Hero, also has
some similar meaning with Xia. Therefore, this
study will first discuss Chivalry and the culture of
Hero so that western people can grasp the concept
of Xia more quickly.
• After introducing the concept of Xia, we will further
present from the well-known Jinyung’s novel to the
development of Taiwan’s martial art novels.
Furthermore, we will introduce the origin and
process of Xia in brief. Lastly, we will talk about
what notion that the concept of Xia has brought into
Introduction
• We roughly classify the introduction as
Western and Eastern. We use a time table
which is based on the era. In the Eastern
aspect, we introduce China and Taiwan’s
process of Xia, Japanese Bushido as well.
In the Western aspect, we summarize the
Chivalry and the culture of Hero in the 20th
century. In the end, we will make an
integrated comparison.
Introduction
• The ancient concept of “Xia” is similar to
Robin Hood. And the modern concept is similar
to chivalry. That is, the development of “Xia”
is from offending the Law by armed force to
being loyal to king and country.
• We adopt the way in which we introduce every
part by stages. You can choose the part you are
interested in and click the picture to enter the
detailed description.
Eastern (summary)
Western (summary)
.the Warring States
(403-221 B.C.).The
Mohist group.
the West Han
dynasty (202 B.C. –
8 A.D.). Records of
the Grand Historian
( Shih Chi)
Middle Ages(10 A.D.nowadays).Chivalry
the Tang
Dynasty(618875 A.D.).
novels
Eastern
Japanese
shogunate(710
A.D.- nowadays).
Bushido
Western
The later period of
Europe(12 century
to present).
Translative literature
The Yuan and Ming
dynasty(1279-1644
A.D.).Transformation of
Xia and Water Margin
(Water Margin)
.the Ching
Dynasty(16451911 A.D.). The
process of martial
art literature
America(20 century
to present). The
culture of Hero
Western End~
Taiwan
Eastern literature
(after 1911)
China
Republic of China
(20 century to
nowadays).The
development of
Taiwan’s martial art
literature
The 50th year of the
“Republic Era”.(1960s
to nowadays). Yeng
Zho Scholary
Swordsman (Palm
drama)
Republic of China
(20 century to
nowadays).The
development of
martial art movies
Jinyung(in the
middle of 20
century).The
peak of martial
art novels
Eastern End~
Definition Of “Xia”
•“Xia” is not only a concept but a pronoun. That is,
its meaning is abstract, complicated and abundant.
The behavior of people with “Xia” is to put this
concept into practice by performing “Xia”.
Therefore, we call someone who performs “Xia”
with Chinese martial arts as “Wusia”. But it is not
essential to combine the principles of “Xia” with
martial arts. Instead, for instance, some “Xia”
heal people or steal money from the rich to fulfill the
concept of Xia.
• In other words, comparing with the West,
Chinese ”Xia” puts much more emphasis on
personality and spirit.
Thought of “Xia”
• Now, we usually say “Xia” with “Yi”, which
means social justice or righteousness, because
both words have similar meaning. As far as the
report above is concerned, however, we can
discover the concept that “Xia” is equal to
“Yi” is not completely true and need to revise.
• What we have to realize is that the concept of
“Xia” has evolved inch by inch with time. And the
meaning of ”Xia” has changed from
contravening the law by armed force to being
engaged in social peace and country justice in
2000 years.
Thought of “Xia”
• To sum up, it is known that the “Xia”
needs to be dedicated to social justice and
help people. However, as far as the
cultural aspect of “Xia” is concerned, we
should regard “Xia” as a generalized
concept which means not only to fight
against injustice.
• The comparison below bases on the
standard of modern “Xia”.
Comparison (chivalry and “Xia”)
1.The contents of ancient martial art novels usually
talk about assisting clean-handed officials,
opposing to bad officials and being loyal to the
king. We can find similar concept of being loyal
to the king in the literature of Chivalry. But the
Chivalry places much importance on personal
honor.
2.The second difference between “Xia” and
chivalry is the attitude toward love. In Chinese
novels, “Xia” keeps away from women and they
must feel shameful at chivalry because of their
attitude toward women.
Comparison (Hero and “Xia”)
1.The will of God and theory of doom
China－God gives disasters to people while
heroes save the people - follow the god.
West－destiny go against the hero, and hero
always resist till the last minute - not yield to the
doom.
2.Soul and belongings
China－follow moral standard that is severer than
other people. They must be in a certain group
(attending or establishing).
West－individualism
Total comparison
• The concept of Xia is very abstract for the
Western because it is not just to help or save
people, like spider-man. Xia needs more
connotation relatively. Scholarly Xia, for instance,
has not only to simply follow thoughts of
Confucianism in moral standard but high class of
literature.
• Therefore, the reason that we just say someone
has behavior of “Xia” not someone is “Xia” is a
person who has high moral standard, class of
humanism and characteristic of “Xia” only
appears in the novels.
What “Xia” really is?
• The modern “Xia” which created by people
nowadays is grand. However, we can find
another “Xia” group – gang, which is
defined according to the primary standard
of “Xia” - contravening the law by armed
force and doing things by their sense of
justice. Moreover, the thoughts of gang
and “Xia” now are diametrically different.
And if there were “Xia”, they should
eliminate gang.
What “Xia” really is?
• That is, everyone can be “Xia”. It just
depends on which era you live in. If you
think that dumping the garbage is justice
and you really do it, you will be a “Xia” who
contravene the law because of the justice
in your mind. But, you won’t be regarded
as a “Xia” by modern people because your
behavior is not equal to the aspect and
standard of “Xia” in this society.
心得(泰甫)
心得(鈞瑩)
• At first, the reason that I joined in this project is that I
wanted to have a chance to communicate with American
student. I thought maybe I could improve my English by
this chance. After lots of time researching and discussing,
now I think the motive power that pushes me do this with
my whole heart is my interest in this topic – Xia. I love to
read some novels of Xia and get involved in it deeply.
Therefore, I want to learn more about it and share our
research to everyone.
• I really think it is worth spending time on this research. At
last, I would like to thank all my partners. Without you,
we couldn’t have done anything. It is my pleasure to
work with all of you!
心得(映君)
心得(頌華)
• This is the first time for me to do such a huge report. And it’s also
the first time I have to translate a report in English! In the beginning,
I thought it’s impossible for us because translating an ancient
Chinese culture really a tough thing. But I’m so proud that we got it!!!
Of course, that is because I have a wonderful group!
• Since last year, we began to prepare all the information we need.
And than we spent everyday’s lunch time discussing with each other
about every detail of this report. Honestly speaking, it’s really
moiling for us! But as the goes saying, ”All good things come to
those who wait. ” Now I’m glad to say that we have conquered all
the difficulties and achieved our gold! At here I want to thank all my
partners. I could not do anything without you! Finally, I hope that all
you guys in front of computers will realize more about the culture of
xia and like it!!
心得(哲僥)
The Sources
The summary of Eastern
• China：There are two aspect of the definition of Xia.
One is the historic Xia which first means a
person fights against the unfair law and bad
government. Another is the literary Xia
which is more idealistic and closer to the
thought of Xia in this society nowadays – it
means a perfect person who will help others
when they face injustice and do everything
for the country and masses.
• Japan: The spirit of Bushido processed similarly as
Xia. Maybe it was much closer to
Confucianism. We’ll compare and introduce
these in brief.
The Mohist Group
• In the Warring States, the mohist group
supported the process of Mohism. They
made the idea of Mohism widely known,
helping weak countries keep their
homeland. the mohist group members
wanted to reach self-sufficiency and
invented some military weapons.
The Connection between the
Mohist Group and Xia
• Now many people treat the mohist group as俠客
集團. It is because the mohist group promoted
the thought – you have to do thoroughly what
you said, which fits in with the contemporary
explanation of Xia. Another reason is that
members of it behaved like Xia. They gathered
together and formed as a new power in the
society, so it is called俠客集團.
• However, what you have to know is that the
debut thought of calling it as Xia springs up
recently. So it doesn’t fit in with the ancient
standard of Xia.
The Definition of Xia in Records
of the Grand Historian
• The deeds that Xia promoted might not
always be just, but they must keep their
words, do things firmly, sacrifice
themselves to help others’ in difficulty, and
not boast of their behavior even when
facing death. People far and wide admired
their deeds. They would do anything for
justice.
The Detailed Explanation of
Records of the Grand Historian
• There are a few examples in Records of the
Grand Historian, which show some
following traits：Xia won’t be partial to
himself or his relatives but acts on justice,
won’t be angry because of others’ disdain,
and is a person that won’t strive for fame
and wealth.
• From the aspect of official, acting like Xia is
to exert power, which is different from the
thought of Xia himself. In a word, the deeds
that Xia did are praised by everyone.
The Thought of Xia from Chin to
Hang Dynasty
• Han Feizi：”The Confucianists destroyed the Law by
words while Xia offended the Law by armed force.” The
basic definition of Xia in this period was a person fights
against the unfair law and bad government, which was
the base of Records of the Grand Historian. It used the
thought and interpreted it in the bright side. However, the
view of the same period wasn’t positive at all.
• Shuowen Jiezi：A person who shares benefit with each
other, makes friends privately, and stands in this society
by his armed force is the so-called Xia. They trust each
other and have the same values. Besides, they may be
the people who have authority in an area and fight
against the noble, or live in this society on their own.
The Thought of Xia from Chin to
Hang Dynasty
• In this epoch, there was no class
difference of Xia. In other word, no matter
who could be Xia.
• They were wanted by the government
because most of their deeds were against
the Law. However, the King and the noble
might be Xia anonymously.
• In brief, Xia from Chin to Hang Dynasty
was people who didn’t care about their life
and death but were in pursuit of justice.
Xia from Wei to Tang Dynasty
• By Wei dynasty, the concept of Xia had
been divided into two aspect by degree.
One continued the previous concept and
called the historic Xia while another was
transformed into the literary Xia which
developed to the contemporary concept in
the Chinese society at present.
The Historic Xia from Wei to
Tang Dynasty
• It could roughly be classified as two
categories. One was local bullies and
ruffians. Another was rich young men.
Basically, the two categories acted
similarly as Xia in Hang Dynasty – robbery
and killing.
The literary Xia from Wei to
Tang Dynasty
• The literature of martial art started from
Southern and Northern Dynasties and was
complete in Tang Dynasty. A new
interpretation of Xia different from Hang’s
negative comment was defined as a noble
personality that could do everything for the
society and maintain the social justice.
The Summary of Xia in The
Yuan and Ming Dynasty
• In this period, almost the whole concept of Xia in
literature is different from historic interpretation.
Therefore, we will introduce the change and
focus on the Xia in literature.
• The representative work is Water Margin, which
means demarcation of Xia in literature. The
works before this book and the works after are
different in feature and style. In the next page,
we will first introduce Water Margin, and then
analyze Xia in literature.
The approximate story of "Water
Margin“ (part 1)
• The first 70 chapters of the story is led by Song-Jiang
and Chao-Gai . They gathered heroes coming from
everywhere on the Mount Liangshang. Some of the
heroes were forced to go up the Mount Liangshang by
corrupt officials while some of them were go up
because of heart affecting.
• Whatever, the aim they got together at Mount
Liangshang is right wrongs in accordance with
heaven's decree and oppose to the corrupt
government. Not until 108 heroes got together did they
rank the ranking of brothers. They were very herotic
and killed many venal officials, which make the great
satisfaction of the people. These behaviors also let
people abreact their discontent with the government.
The analysis of "Water
Margin“ (part 1)
• The advanced part of paragraphs describe two
kinds of heroes. One is herotic and another is
generous who always give financial assistance to
the former. By the way, describes about the
generous heores mention a new sight of shia.
• In this part, the describe of shia is more close to
the pragmatic one(such as 以武犯禁or to fullfill
“self-justice”). It has some disagreement with the
Dynasty from Wei to Tang. However, all the spirit
of shia are same：they all address themselves to
strive for justice and dreams of the society.
The approximate story of "Water
Margin“ (part 2)
• Later 50 chapters of the story describe
heroes on the Mount Liangshang enlisted in
the government for the defense of their
country.北征遼國、剿滅田虎、王慶，all
leaders were safe and well, also erected
awesome. However, in the war of南征方臘一
役，most of the heroes were defeated. And
those who survived not only didn’t gain the
well-earned recompenses but also be
ensnared by cunning courtiers. Most of these
heroes didn’t have a good end in this story.
The analysis of "Water
Margin“ (part 2)
• The image of these heroes on the after
part of the story has a great different from
the former one. From the accomplishment
of “self-justice” to adhered to the
government, in order to assert the safety
of the country.
The development
• In this novel, these heroes’ behavior
gradually changed from malcontent to
loyal to the government. “Water Margin”
stands at a literature borderline from
generation to generation. The former part
succeed to the characteristic of shia from
the Yuan dynasty, which shows individual
personality, while the latter reveal a new
kinds of shia who are loyal to the
government.
the meaning of "Water Margin“
• The shia in this novel have begin to
associate with the government instead of
seeking self-justice.and this kind of novel
had become the main novel style in the
Qing dynasty.
The literary of Xia in Qing Dynasty
• The concept of Xia in this epoch expended from
the “Water Margin” had associated with the
government, or we can even say Xia had been
held a lane by the government.
• The basic configure of literature in this epoch
was that one Xia who had associated with the
government bumping into another who hadn’t.
Then they would conflict, but the one who
hadn’t associate with the government must
assimilate to the one who had in the end.
退化的俠義概念?
Martial Arts Novels of the Qing
Dynasty- “San Xia Wu Yi)
•“San Xia Wu Yi” tells a story in the Sung
Dynasty about a judge called Pao Ching Tien
how to judge cases. In this book, three Xia
(southern Xia-Chan Chao, northern Xia Ouyang Chun, double Ting Xias) and five man
who had sense of honor (Drilling sky mouseLu Fang, Digging into land mouse- Han Chang,
Crossing mountain mouse- Hsu Ching, Turning
over river mouse- Chiang ping, Glorious hair
mouse- Pai Yu Tang) helped Pao Ching Tien
judge cases.
Characteristics of Xia in “San Xia
Wu Yi”
1.Do something others daren’t do
2.Rescue people before fighting with bad men
3.Regard maintaining social-justice as himself’ s
duty
4.Have good skill in martial arts but not being rascals
5.Admire each other who is Xia
6.Think for officers in the place rather than show himself
act against the law
7.Bad people admire Xia
8.The noblest Xia is smart, calm, and changeful.But
all of his deeds are in the range of the concept
of Xia.
The Concept of Xia in “San Xia
Wu Yi”
•Most of Xias in “San Xia Wu Yi”
associated with the government and didn’t
act against the law. The emperor in this
period were different from the emperor in
former dynasties either. Xias in this
period still behaved with the justice which
in their minds. But they would keep as
silent as they could because they didn’t
want to make officers in the place
embarrassed.
The culture of “Wu Lin”
• After the year of the “Republic Era“, the
literature of xia has combined with martial
arts. It became a brand new kind of xia
literature. We call this kind of xia society in
novels as “Wu Lin.” in these societies,
friendship is the most important thing of all.
In order to protect their friends’ security,
xia will use martial arts to cope with all the
troubles.
Introduce of Jin Yong
• Jin's real name is Cha Liangyong. Born in 1924, he is
from Haining County, Zhejiang Province. He studied in
the College of Foreign Languages of Chunking Central
University then the College of Law of Soochou University.
• His first novel, Shujian Enchou Lu, published in Sin Wan
Bao in 1955, was a big hit. Since then, he started his
writing professionally for more than 30 years, and his
status as the Master of the wusia novelist has become
unshakable. When his last series, Luding Ji, was finished
in the Ming Bao daily in September in 1972, he retired
from writing wusia novels.
Jin Yong’s novel
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The Book and the
7. Heaven Sword and Dragon
Sword
Sabre
Sword Stained with
8. A Deadly Secret
Royal Blood
9. Demi-Gods and SemiThe Legend of the
Devils --Condor Heroes
10. Ode to Gallantry
The Return of the
Condor Heroes
11. The Smiling, Proud
Wanderer
Flying Fox of Snowy
Mountain
12. The Deer and the Cauldron
Other Tales of the Flying
Fox
Characters in Jin’s novels
character
personality
Guo Jing
Honest
Rebel
Sincere
against
Not frivolous etiquette
Trustworthiness
romance
Yang Guo
Just love a
woman
Jhang Wuji
Irresolute
Hesitant
Kindhearted
Easily be
cheated
Change
Just love a
women from
woman
time to time
Characters in Jin’s novels
＊Traits：
• Guo Jing ：He is a “Xia” combined with
Confucianism. He protect a city of China to
attack Mongolia. His behavior show us what the
best “Xia” is and the spirit of being engaged
in society and country.
• Yang Guo：He is a “Xia” combined with
Taoism. He don’t want be tied up by etiquette.
• Jhang Wuji：He is a “Xia” combined with
Buddhism. He is very merciful and doctor many
people.
“Xia”of Jin Yong
•
•
“Xia” in Jin Yong’s novel is fantastic in ancient time,
defined by modern concept of “Xia” ,that is, the
definition is not similar to primary concept of “Xia”.
Moreover, Jin Yong created some “Xia” of his own, and
some of these “Xia” really affect modern people’s
thoughts of “Xia” with the trend of Jin Yong ‘s novel.
“Xia”s in Jin Yong’s novels are different from
appearance to individual personalities. In his last novel,
The Deer and the Cauldron, there even has a person,
named Wei Xiaobao, who has a part of personalities
about “Xia” but is not “Xia”. We can take each “Xia” in
different books as a new explanation of “Xia”.
Influence of Jin Yong
• No matter Taiwan or China, all of Jin
Yong’s novels have been adapted to soap
opera again and again and some of them
even have been made as movies.
Computer games about Jin Yong’s novel
also appeared with the improvement of
Internet. Affecting people from young to
old, Jin Yong’s novels really influence
people’s thought of how to regard “Xia”
and what “Xia”’s definition is.
Influence of Jin Yong to nowadays
• Jin Yong ‘s novels influence not only demotic
culture but also literature. Because his high
class of literature and characters in his novels
are special, the study of Jin Yong’s novels, which
called “study of Jin”, appeared. Many scholars
have researched the personalities, traits of
characters in novels and attitude, approach to
events that they undergo, and they even want to
find the historic background of novels.
Outline of Flying Fox of Snowy
Mountain
• A fight for a mysterious iron box starts this story. Five wugong
masters, including Yin Ji, Ruan Shihjhong, Cao Yunci, Jhou
Yunyang, and Tian Cingwun, chase Tao Baisui and his son Tao
Zihan, because they believe that Baisui and his son killed Tian
Guinong for the iron box. They are joined by Syong Yuansian, Liu
Yuanhe, Jheng Sanniang. But they are all defeated by Bao Shu.
Bao Shu takes them to a mountain lodge owned by Du Mengsi who
is a friend of the well-known wugong master's friend Miao Renfong.
Each individual coming to the lodge has some connection with the
box which is evidence concerning a secret which can solve the
misunderstanding between Syueshan Fehu and Du Mengsi. The
misunderstanding had been continuing for a few generations. As a
result, Syueshan Feihu is coming to challenge Du.
Outline of Flying Fox of Snowy
Mountain
• Bao Shu and Miao Ruolan start talking about the secret
that the iron box carries. It stores a precious sword,
which used to be owned by Li Zihcheng at the end of the
Ming Dynasty. When Wu Sangui led the Cing troops and
took over the Chinese land, three of Li's four body
guards, Generals Miao, and Fan, Tian, believed that the
other guard General, Hu, killed Li then turned to Wu
Sangui. So they chased Hu and killed him. When Hu's
son grew up, he explained to the three Generals that his
father did not kill Li and Li was in fact still alive; in
addition he explained that his father turned to Wu for
revenge.
“Xia” of Flying Fox of Snowy
Mountain
• Personalities：
１.Two “Xia”s who are competitors become
bosom friends after they compete with
each other.
２.”Xia” know they should follow the
etiquette of China.
Outline of A Deadly Secret
• The title of this book is the name of a
rhyme. It indicates a place where a great
amount of treasure was buried. The main
character, Di Yun, of this novel was neither
intelligent nor excellent in martial arts, but
an honest and reliable young man from
the western rural area of Hunan Province.
Outline of A Deadly Secret
• One day Di with his master, Ci Changfa, and his master's
daughter, Ci Fang, attended a birthday party hosted by
Wan Jhenshan. This party ended unpleasantly; Ci
Changfa ran way because he was accused of planning
to kill Wan. Di was put into jail because Wan's son, Wan
Gui, wanted to marry Ci Fang and framed Di. In the jail
Di gradually became friends with his jail-mate, Ding Dian.
One day they freed themselves from the jail to visit Ling
Shuanghua. Ding was in love with Shuanghua, but
Shuanghua was just a lure. Shuanghua's father, the
chief official of the Prefecture put Ding into Jail because
Ding refused to tell him about Iiancheng Jyue. This visit
ended miserably; Din was poisoned to death because he
still refused to talk about Iiancheng Jyue.
Outline of A Deadly Secret
• Di came across a devious monk, Bao Xiang. Di
killed Bao Xiang and put on his monk costume.
Then Di confronted two swordspersons who
thought Di was Bao Xiang because he was
dressed in the monk's clothes and they intended
to kill Di. Syuedao Laotsu rescued Di and
captured one of the swordspersons, Martial arts
mistressShui Sheng, for the similar reason that
he believed Di was Bao Xiang's disciple.
“Xia” of A Deadly Secret
1.They have many difficulties.
2.If they witness someone being bullied,
they will help that person by justice, even
though that thing is not related to them.
3.They don’t love money and they won’t take
any money that is gotten by injustice.
4.They fade away after they attain their
goals and is a real “Xia” to people.
Outline of Sword Stained with
Royal Blood
• Yuan Chengjhih was the son of the ranking
official Yuan Chonghuan at the end of the Ming
Dynasty. When his father was executed in a
trumped-up charge he was adopted by martial
arts masters. Mu Rencing and Musang Daoren
in the Huanshan Mountains taught him wugong.
He also learned wugong from a secret book,
which once belonged to the dead master Jinshe
Langjyun, after he coincidentally found Jinshe
Langjyun's neglected corpse in a cave. He
buried Jinshe Langjyun and kept the book.
Outline of Sword Stained with
Royal Blood
• When Yuan Chengjhih was 20 years old,
the country was in chaos. Mu Rencing
asked him to assist Chuangwang, the
rebellion leader, to fight against the Cing
invasion. The Ming government was too
corrupt, so neither could it help the poor
people nor could it defend itself.
Outline of Sword Stained with
Royal Blood
• Yuan Chengjhih came across a family called
Wun when he started his journey. The Wuns
stole the money Chuangwang had prepared for
the poor, and Yuan tried to get the money back.
Later on Yuan found out that a female in the
Wun family was Jinshe Langjyun's ex-girl friend
and they had a daughter, Wun Cingcing. The
Wuns disliked Cingcing because she had no
father so Yuan took Wun Cingcing with him.
Outline of Sword Stained with
Royal Blood
• Before long Yuan met a few martial arts masters
and mistresses they also had studied wugong
from Huashan earlier than Yuan. They looked
down on Yuan initially, but when Yuan solved out
their problems they regarded Yuan as their
leader. Then Yuan found Jinshe Langjyun's
hidden treasure and carried it to Chuangwang's
territories. He survived several ambushes and
became friends with many people including
Cheng Cingjhu.
Character of Sword Stained with
Royal Blood
• In the beginning, Yuan Chengjhih is a young
man and didn’t know much about society.
Therefore, when he saw something is injustice,
he was involved himself into this thing. He is
also very appealing to girls but he never do
anything beyond etiquette.
“Xia” of Sword Stained with Royal
Blood
• People will go against government in troubled
time because of poverty. And if there is a person
maintains justice, he will be defined as the
image of “Xia.”
• It is a troubled time that the era of this book is.
Yuan Chengjhih is destined to do many just
things because of his identity.
• Yuan Chengjhih gains many sympathy because
of his poor background. On the other hand, he
show more justice and heroic when he put his
personal feud away be engaged in society and
country.
“Xia” of Sword Stained with Royal
Blood
• Main characters usually learn martial art
when they were young and become very
good after several years. Furthermore,
kindness is always the key of being a “Xia”,
and we can find the same personality in
Western novels.
Outline of The Deer and the
Cauldron
• The story started at the beginning years of
the Emperor Kangsi's reign. The hero of
this book, Wei Xiaobao, was given birth by
a singing girl, Wei Chunhua, of the brothel
Lichun Yuen. Although he was illiterate
and with gangster-like behavior, he was
clever, fast in reacting, sincere, and took
care of his friends.
Outline of The Deer and the
Cauldron
• Wei took a trip to Beijing with his friend. But was caught and taken
back to the Forbidden Palace. His friend escaped while Wei
disguised himself as a junior eunuch, Xiao Guezih, and continued
staying in the Palace. He even became a sidekick of Emperor
Kangsi; they were similar in age. After he helped the emperor catch
the notorious powerful minister, Aobai, and stabilized the throne, his
position in the palace became higher and higher. He even became
the head of the branch organization, Cingmutang, of Tiandihui, the
anti-government society whose goal was to overthrow the Cing
Dynasty and bring back the Ming. Then he achieved many great
jobs including assisting Emperor Kangsi to meet his father, exemperor Shiunjhih, who hid away and became a monk, helping the
Emperor Kangsi 's real mother regain her position. With many
prominent achievements Wei no longer disguised himself as a
eunuch, changed back to his real name, Wei Xiaobao, and received
the high ranking position given by Emperor Kangsi.
Outline of The Deer and the
Cauldron
• Wei Xiaobao found a treasure map indicating the hiding
place of the great assets, which the Cing took over from
the Ming court at the end of the Ming Dynasty. The
treasure was hidden somewhere around the border of
Manchuria. Wei with his best men obtained the map and
realized that the exact location of the treasure was on
the Luding Mountain. Wei went up to the mountain and
planned to bring back the fortune. However the Mountain
was occupied by the Russians and a city had been built
there. Wei, who was too rich to spend all his money
within his lifetime, gave up this plan.
Character of The Deer and the
Cauldron
• Because Wei Xiaobao was born in brothel,
which is defined as a obscene place, he
formulate a personality of neglecting
tradition as well as etiquette and is
socialized more fast.
“Xia” of The Deer and the
Cauldron
• Jin Yong say that The Deer and the
Cauldron is more similar to history novel,
not “Wu Xia” novel. Though it is not correct
that we defined Wei Xiaobao as a “Xia”,
but, in some aspects, we still can say Wei
Xiaobao has some personalities of “Xia”,
like valuing friendship.
“Xia” of The Deer and the
Cauldron
• Being a group of “Xia”, Tien Ti Hui
emphasize not their goal, against
government, but their process, a spirit of
“Xia”. For instance, when they know they
are wrong, they will apologize to people
who involved in.
Outline of Demi-Gods and SemiDevils
• The title of this book is from a Buddhist
book. This story is complicated and with
three main characters: Duan Yu, Xiao
Fong, and the Buddhist monk Syu Jhu.
Each hero has his individual story and
three story lines interweave to form this
story.
Outline of Demi-Gods and SemiDevils
• Prince Duan Yu of Dali Kingdom ran away from
home when he decided not to learn the inherited
wugong of his family. He met two girls, Jhong
Ling and Mu Wangcing, in the Wuliang
Mountains. Later on he found a secret wugong
book and learned new wugong, such as Beiming
Shengong and Lingpo Weibo. He married
Wangcing when he returned the Dali Kingdom,
then he learned that Mu was born to a secret
concubine of his father, in other words Wangcing
was his half-sister.
Outline of Demi-Gods and SemiDevils
• Duan Yu increased his inner strength by exercising
Beiming Shengong to gain inner strengths from other
wugong masters. Then he felt sick and his uncle,
Emperor Baoding of Dali, took him to get medicated in
the Tianlong temple. At the same time the Tibetan
religious leader, Jiomo jhih was also in the temple and
forcefully asked the Monk Master Kurong to give him a
book recording the wugong, Liumai Shenjian. In order to
keep the secret of the wugong, the monk turned to Duan
Yu and asked Yu to remember the context of the book.
Yu did, then he destroyed the book. Joumo, who was
furious, kidnapped Yu. Yu escaped and came across
three girls Wang Yuian, Ajhu, and Abi. Yu felt in love with
Yuian and Yuian happened to be Yu's half-sister, same
father different mother.
Outline of Demi-Gods and SemiDevils
• Yu made friends with the leader of Gaibang, the gang of
beggars, Xiao Fong and they pledged a sworn
brotherhood. Later on Xiao Fong was informed by the
elders of Gaibang that he was originally from Kitan and
his father was killed by an Elder brother of the martial
arts circle. Xiao Fong resigned and was going to avenge
his father. He was in love with Ajhu. Unintentionally he
wounded Ajhu, so he took Ajhu to the Changbai
Mountains to dig for ginseng to medicate her. Once he
captured the king of the Taliao Kingdom and released
the king, then he assisted the king in stopping civil wars,
and was promoted to be the Nanyuan Dawang of the
Taliao Kingdom.
Characters in Demi-Gods and
Semi-Devils
• The research of Duan Yu (combination of “Xia”,
Confucianism and literati)： Duan Yu is a man of letters
and he hate to use force and martial art, having similarity
to Chinese literati. The behavior and spirit he perform in
the book is derived from deeply thoughts of “Xia”. These
behaviors, settling quarrels and doing things by his own
justice, are similar to the expectation that “Xia” need to
do.
• Thoughts：First, the recognition of “Xia” in the East may
combine with many thoughts of Confucianism. Second,
there is not direct connection between being “Xia” and
having good martial art. What is more important is the
real meaning of doing things about “Xia”.
Characters in Demi-Gods and
Semi-Devils
• The research of Syu Jhu (combination of “Xia” and
Buddhism)： Buddhism accent that we should safe
everyone by love, quit killing other people, and help
people. And these concepts are very similar to modern
concept of “Xia”.
• People nowadays think “Xia” should help people and be
devoted to society. Another important personality of “Xia”
is that possess a quality of justice. As far as Buddhism,
they emphasize that possess a heart of mercy, which
meaning is to love every human beings around the world
without distinguisher.
• However, we can take the behavior of Syu Jhu, which
follows principles of Buddhism, such as helping people
by justice, as generalized “Xia”.
Characters in Demi-Gods and
Semi-Devils
• The research of Xiao Fong (one of the
best “Xia” of Jin Yong – comparison
between Xiao Fong and Guo Jing)
Characters in Demi-Gods and
Semi-Devils
Name
Guo Jing
Xiao Fong
identity A Chinese born in
A foreigner who born in
Mongolia know his
China don’t know his
identity
identity
Chinese
Martial
art
Xianglong Shiba Zhang (18 DragonSubduing Palms)
Characters in Demi-Gods and
Semi-Devils
Name
Guo Jing
experience
Describe him when In the beginning, he is
he was young and
known as the leader
portray the
of Gaibang and “Xia”.
difficulties he
When he find he is
faced. He is
foreigner, he is still
regarded as a “Xia” engaged in solving
in the end of the
conflicts between
story and be the
two countries.
best “Xia” in the
sequal.
Xiao Fong
Characters in Demi-Gods and
Semi-Devils
Name
consequence
personality
The same
Guo Jing
Xiao Fong
Protect a town
Strike apeace
many years and
between two
get a honor of
countries and
“North Xia”.
suicidehimself.
He is stupid but
He is smart and
possesses a
values friendship.
quality of justice.
Be engaged in country and society in his
eternal countries.
Outline of The Legend of the
Condor Heroes
• Guo Jing was born in a Han Chinese family in northern
Jin Dynasty. His father was killed by the Manchurians
when he was a baby. His mother moved to Mongolia
where he grew up and learned wugong from his father's
friends, the Seven Odd Masters of Jiangnan. He
performed excellently in a battle so Genghis Khan
decided to marry his daughter to him, but he refused
because he decided to leave for China to avenge his
father. He met a clever girl called Huang Rong, and also
realized that his father's best friend's son Yang Kang
about his age was nurtured in the Jin Palace. Kang had
changed his family name to that of the Jin imperial family,
Wanyan, because his mother was re-married to a Prince.
Outline of The Legend of the
Condor Heroes
• Together with Huang Rong, Guo Jing started his adventure. They
met Hong Cigong, head of the beggar society, Gaibang, and Hong
taught Guo Jing the powerful martial arts Xianglong Shihba Jhang.
Later the three visited Huang Rong's family on the Peach Blossom
Island, which the Huang's owned. They came across the wugong
master Jhou Botong there and with Jhou's help Guo learned a
precious wugong called Jiuyin Jhenjing, which was the secret
wugong of Huang Yaoshih, Huang Rong's father. Yaoshih found out
and became very angry. He forced the outsiders to leave. Their ship
was racked in a storm and they were rescued by Ouyang Fong.
When Ouyang realized that they carried a book recording the
precious Jiuyin Jhenjing, he robbed them of the book. Huang Rong
ran away from home to help them, and Hong Cigong yielded his
position, head of the Gaibang gang, to Huang Rong.
Outline of The Return of the
Condor Heroes
• It is a sequence from Shediao Yingsyong
Jhuan. Although Guo Jing and Huang
Rong still played important roles in this
story, they were no longer the protagonists
but were Yang Kang's son Yang Guo and
Yang Guo's partner Xiao Longnyu. The
main roles were carefully developed and
because of its success it was often played
on TV series and adapted to make movies.
Outline of The Return of the
Condor Heroes
• As a teenager, Yang Guo went to the Peach Blossom Island with
Guo Jing and Huang Rong after Guo coincidentally found him in
Lujia Jhuang a recently destroyed manor by Li Mochou. Ouyang
Fong was in Lujia Jhuang at the same time, and was mentally ill
because he used the wrong way to practice Jiuyin Jhenjing and
injured himself. He believed Yang Guo was his son and taught Yang
Guo wugong. Yang Guo reluctantly left Ouyang Fong because as an
orphan he longed for fatherly love. In the Peach Blossom Island no
one liked Yang Guo except Guo Jing who swore to take care of
Yang Kang's son. After Yang Guo used the wugong Ouyang Fong
taught him to hurt Guo Jing's disciples, Guo Jing took Yang Guo to
the headquarters of a Taoist sect, Cyuanjhen Jiao in person. Yang
Guo's situation there was even worse. He was maltreated and there
was no one on his side.
Outline of The Return of the
Condor Heroes
• A mysterious girl called Xiao Longnyu living in a tomb
next to Cyuanjhen Jiao, she could conduct bees to
defeat enemies, and when Yang Guo called her for help
she agreed to help him. Yang Guo was allowed to stay in
the tomb and learned wugong from her. When Yang Guo
reached 16 years of age one day, Li Mochou arrived and
forced Xiao Longnyu to give her the book, which records
the wugong Jiuyin Jhenjing. She and Xiao Longnyu had
a serious fight and Li was chucked out of the tomb but
the tomb was also badly damaged. Then Xiao Longnyu
and Yang Guo found the precious Jiuyin Jhenjing was
imprinted on the ceiling of a secret room.
Outline of Heaven Sword and
Dragon Sabre
• This story was regarded as the sequence of
Shendiao Xialyu. However, the protagonist of
this story is neither Guo Xiang, Guo Jing's baby
daughter named after her birthplace Xiangyang,
nor Guo Xiang's friend the young man Jhang
Jyunbao, who later named himself Jhang
Sanfong the founder of the School of Wudang. It
was a story about Jhang Wuji, son of Jhang
Cuishan, Jhang Sanfong's disciple. So it
spanned three generations, a period longer than
that covered by either of the two preceding
books.
Outline of Heaven Sword and
Dragon Sabre
• A precious sword Tulong Dao linked the three generations. Jhang
Sanfong's disciple Yu Daiyen gained this sword first but was
ambushed, and not only lost the sword to the religious sect Tianying
Jiao but also his arms and legs. In order to catch the criminal, Yu's
fellow disciple Jhang Cuishan went to the School of Shaolin. During
this trip Jhang met a girl, Yin Susu, and later they came across Sie
Syun, now the owner of the sword Tulong Dao, then they
accompanied Sie to go back to Ice and Fire Island, bing huo dao,
where Jhang married Yin who later gave birth to a boy name Jhang
Wuji and Sie was regarded as the boy's adopted father. When they
went back Wudang, Yin Susu and Jhang Cuishan both committed
suicide after Yin was accused of causing the handicap of Yu Daiyan
because she was daughter of the Master of Tianying Jiao they
ambushed Yu Daiyan.
Outline of Heaven Sword and
Dragon Sabre
• The story now focused on Jhang Wuji, an 8-year-old boy. As an
orphan and injured by the wugong Syuanming Shenjhang he led a
miserable life in the School of Wudang. Wudang could not help him
recover from the injury, so he started a long healing journey. Finally
he found a book recording the precious wugong Jouyang Jhenjing in
a deep valley. He practiced it and was recovering. By chance, he
was carried in a mysterious bag, Xiankun Yicidai, on the way to a
mountain peak, Guangming Ding. In the bag, he completed the
wugong Jouyang Jhenjing. Later on a girl called Xiao Jhao taught
him another powerful wugong, Xiankun Danuoyi. He employed the
undefeatable wugong and helped the Tianying Jiao gang from been
massacred by the six major Schools of martial arts. He also brought
the religious party Ming Jiao to life, and eventually became the new
head of Ming Jiao. Then he went up to the Wudang School and
helped them from being conquered by the Mongolian, Jhao Min, a
Mongolian princess who was the leader.
Outline of The Book and the Sword
• It starts with two uninvited martial arts masters Yu Wanting and Wun
Tailai, carrying a big secret and sneaking into the Forbidden City to
meet Emperor Xianlong at night. Yu was the head of an outlaw
organization, Honghuahui, of which Wun was the fourth vice-head,
sidangjia. Although they successfully met the emperor, passed him a
secret message, and were allowed to leave peacefully, they instantly
became wanted criminals when the emperor changed his mind. Yu
Wanting died soon when he became ill after this mission. Wun Tailai
was captured and sent to jail. So, the Honghuahui organization
elected Yu Wanting's foster son and disciple, Chen Jialuo, to
become their new leader to rescue Wun and lead them to achieve
their final goal: to overthrow the Cing and bring back the Ming,
fanCing fuMing. Then there were ceaseless conflicts claiming
numerous lives both on the government and the Honghuahui sides.
Young men from the same family would kill each other because they
belonged to different sides.
Outline of The Book and the Sword
•
The reason for the two sides fighting was that Emperor Xianlong
wanted to disguise his bloodline, which was not Manchurian but Han
Chinese. He was irritated when the two masters brought him this
message during the their unwelcome visit. It was all because his
adopted father, Yongjheng, desperately needed a healthy and
intelligent son to cheer his adopted grandfather Emperor Kangsi.
Yongjheng believed that by having such a son he would have a
better chance to become the crown prince, which he and his
brothers fought for. So, as a baby Xianlong was secretly taken form
a ranking Chinese official, Chen Shihguan, and exchanged with
Yongjheng's baby daughter. This scheme was very successful
because he was strong, healthy and much more lovely than
Yongjheng's elder son and other princes' sons. He was never
returned to the Chen family and eventually ascended the throne.
Outline of Other Tales of the Flying
Fox
• When Hu Yidao the Liaodong Master was
killed by Miao Renfong, his son Hu Fei
was too young to fight back. Having the
motive for revenge, Hu Fei dedicated
himself to learning wugong. He regained
some parts of his family wugong book
from Yan Ji, and after practicing the
wugong recorded in that book he improved
dramatically.
Outline of Other Tales of the Flying
Fox
• When he grew up, one day he visited Foshan, a
big city in Guangdong Province, where he met a
Buddhist nun, Yuan Zihyi, whose wugong was
better than his. They became friends and
decided to attend a martial arts competition held
in Beijing together. All the way up to Beijing Yuan
taught Hu new wugong and prior to the final
contest at the Jyuying Lou, Yuan defeated many
famous martial arts masters.
Outline of Other Tales of the Flying
Fox
• Hu no longer hated Miao Renfong, but
respected him as a righteous master. However
by taking malicious advice from Tian Guenong
he blinded Miao's eyes with poison. He regretted
this and turned to the medicine man, Dushou
Yaowang, for help. Because of this he became
familiar with Dushou Yaowang's female disciple
Cheng Lingsu. He treated her like his own sister,
but she fell in love with him. When he was
injured with lethal poison, she sucked the poison
out with her own mouth then she was poisoned
and died, but he survived.
Outline of Ode to Gallantry
• Gou Zajhong left home when he missed his mother and
his dog; they had been away for a long time.
Coincidentally he was brought back to the cliff, Motianya
and taught wugong by Sie Yanke. Gou Zajhong even
became the head of the Changlebang gang. He was
identified as Shih Jhonyu, an infamous rapist. So Shi's
enemies chased him, but Shi's father Shih Cing and
mother Min Rou protected him. Only when Shih Jhongyu
was captured and transferred to the hall of Changlebang
headquarters by the missionary of Shangshan Fae,
people realized that he and Shih Jhongyu were not the
same person.
Outline of Ode to Gallantry
• Shih Cing had a younger son called Shih Jhongjian. He
was kidnapped by Mei Gu when he was just born, and
sent back as a dead body. Mei intentionally caused this
tragedy, because she had fallen in love with Shih Cing,
but Shih Cing was interested in spending time with Min
Rou, a girl not as intelligent as Mei Gu in any rspects.
Shih Jhongyu was spoiled by Min Rou after she lost her
second son. The couple also looked for Mei Gu for
revenge. When they finally found out that Mei was Gou
Zajhong's mother and was still wearing the symbol of
virgin, shougongsha; when she committed suicide they
realized that Gou Zajhong was their second son who
was not killed by Mei.
Outline of Ode to Gallantry
• Shangshan Fae, to reward the righteous
and to punish the evil, had been a
nightmare in the martial arts circle. Every
ten years the Master of Shangshan Fae
would invite guests to his Xiake Island for
the feast held on the eighth of the twelfth
month, Laba Jhou.
Outline of The Smiling, Proud
Wanderer
• This story starts with a massacre taking
place at Fuwei Biaojyu, the private guard
business, in Fujhou. The tragedy was
caused by the secret martial arts book
Bisie Jianpu the Biaojyu owned and
refused to surrender it. The only survivor
Lin Pingjhih, son of the owner of the
business, turned to the School of Huashan
to study martial arts.
Outline of The Smiling, Proud
Wanderer
• The protagonist of this book, Linghu Chong, was
the eldest disciple of the Huashan School. He
was detained at the Yunyu Peak of the Huashan
Mountains because he disobeyed the School's
rules. Later on he found a series of fencing
forms carved on the cliffs, then he came across
an excellent wugong Master, the hermit Fong
Cingyang, and learned the powerful wugong
Dugu Jiujian. He also vowed that he would not
mention either the Master's name or the wugong
to anyone else.
Outline of The Smiling, Proud
Wanderer
• When members of Huashan School
especially his master teacher the head of
Huashan School, Yueh Bucyun, found
Linghu's wugong had improved
dramatically they guessed that Linghu
learned his wugong from Bisie Jianpu. And
the music score of 'Xiaoao Jianghu' given
by two dead masters was believed to be
the secret book of Bisie Jianpu.
Outline of The Smiling, Proud
Wanderer
• Before long the School of Huashan was
invaded by another branch of the same
School. They challenged Yueh Bucyun's
position and wanted to replace him.
Linghu Chong tried to stop them but was
seriously injured. Not only his friends
couldn't help him neither could the
beautiful and influential Ren Yingying her
father Ren Wosing was the ex-leader of
the Riyue Shenjiao gang.
Taiwan Martial Art Novels
• The development of Taiwan martial art
novels can be divided into four stages—
The Beginning Period, The Prosperous
Period, The Recessional Period, and The
Deceased Period. The followings are
some introductions about the development
and traits of these four stages.
• The most famous author of Taiwan martial
art novels is Gu Long. He is also a author
in The Prosperous Period. We’ll introduce
him to you later!
The Beginning Period
• time：1951-1960
• background：In 1949, The Communist Party of
China (CPC) ruled all of the mainland China,
established a “ new China”. Consequently, the
martial art novels having published in China
since Minguo were all called “ old group”. Before
long, all of these “old group” martial art novels
were forbidden to publish and sell. Until about
1950, parts of the “ old group” martial art novels
were transported to Taiwan by sea , sold and
rend in the rental library in every street and alley
in Taiwan.
The Beginning Period
•
•
Afterwards, the relationship between Taiwan
and China was separated. The military position
at strategic border point even became narrow.
In addition, the government of Kuomintang
wanted to prevent national secret revealed, so
they executed the law which controlled
publications in the martial period in 1951.This
action made the “ old group” martial art novels
fewer to disappear.
traits：Drawing materials from the “old group”
novels or inspecting and learning from the
works of “old group”; imitating the story,
even copy the big part of the works.
The Prosperous Period
• time：1961-1970
• background：
1.The economy of Taiwan in 1960
2.The need of cultural entertainment
3.Authors of martial art novels made books just
for money.
The Prosperous Period
＊four department
Clique
super skilled
•
traits
•
•
Putting
emphasis on
highly skilled,
marvelous
martial art.
Describing
some story of
hero.
The main trend
in 1960
Symbo
lic
Wolong Sheng,
aut
Sima Ling, etc.
hor
s
Fantastic
modern
Phantomic
Containing
Using new
fantastic
technique of
martial art
writing
All of the book
titles and
contents are
about ghost
and
phantom.
Hai Shang
Chi Chu
Sheng,
Tung
Fang Yu,
etc.
Chen Ching
Yun, Tien
Ko, Chiang
Nan Liu, etc.
Gu Long, Lu yu,
Shang Kuan
Ting, etc.
About Gu Long
• Xiong Yaohua (1937 – September 21, 1985), who wrote
under the penname Gu Long grew up in a broken family.
He left home and lived on writing martial art novels.
• Stages of his creation：
1 . the foundation of the department of modern martial art
novels：Lone Star Chronicles, Lover's Arrow, The
Legend of the Hero's Banner, Sword Bathed in
Flowers/Spirit of the Sword, etc.
2 . the flourishing period of the department of modern
martial art novels ：Wulin's Side Story, The Legendary
Twins, Sentimental Swordsman, Ruthless Sword
3 . the turning point of the department of modern martial
art novels ：The Eleventh Son, The Happy Hero, Meteor.
Butterfly. Sword, Midnight, Bright Moon, Saber, The
White Jade Tiger
About Gu Long
• traits－modern（literary）WuXia
1.Use modern literary writing technique.
2.Go deep into the leading role’s heart and make
books full of philosophy of life.
3.Put friendship, love, relationship of family,
even the description of resisting against the fate
in books.
4.Mix eastern and western literature with
traditional literature.
5.Take youth to be the leading role instead of the
old, and no mention about the process of
practicing martial arts.
The Outline of Sentimental
Swordsman, Ruthless Sword
• The first part of Sentimental Swordsman,
Ruthless Sword focuses on Lin Xian'er and her
efforts to cause unrest in the martial arts circle
with the name of a retired but infamous thief, the
Plum Flower Bandit. The second part of the
novel looks at the schemes of Shangguan
Jinhong in gaining dominance in the martial arts
circle. Within these settings are characters that
seem to be created just to counter each other,
such as Li Xunhuan against Shangguan Jinhong,
Jing Wuming against A-Fei and Lin Shiyin
against Lin Xian'er.
Role-discussing of “Sentimental
Swordsman, Ruthless Sword”
•Li Hsun Huan：In the whole series of
“Hsiao Li Fei Tao” fetures on Li Hsun
Huan. In the later half of the story,
the author discusses what martial
arts really is. Through this, the
author shows Li Hsun Huan
comprehending every thing and
aggressive his martial arts. What’s
more, the author shows his humanized
personality by love.
Role-discussing of “Sentimental
Swordsman, Ruthless Sword”
•A Fei：Through him, we can see that
he defined Xia as “ If you grant
mercy on me, then I will requite you;
but if you bully me, I will kill you.”
in the beginning. However, after he
went through many things, he fell
into the pain of antinomy and
blindness instead of well experienced.
Xia in Sentimental Swordsman,
Ruthless Sword
• Compared Jin Yong’s novels with Gu
Long’ s, the former features on national
duty and rescuing people while the later
puts more emphasis on the relationship
between Xia and human nature.
• For example, Gu Long considered close
friends can be enemies in one time. In
addition, Xia often confuses between love
and friendship.
The Recessional Period
• time：1971-1980
• The reasons that made Taiwan martial art novels
recessional：
1. Ten Major Construction Projects made Taiwan’s
economy prosperous → the popular media became
universal→TV martial arts plays started, martial arts
movies became thriving, radio and comic books got a
great response
2.The internal dilemma of martial arts creation
a. Too commercial
b. Corruptive creating- plagiarize, copy, assume name.
c. The creativity dried up
The Deceased Period
•Time：1981-2000
•The reason of deceasing：No one to
carry on
• Worried：porning works inundates.
The influence of martial art novels
to contemporary Taiwan
• 可以寫一些改編電玩與電視劇的資料
Introduction of Yeng Zho Scholary
Swordsman
• Made in 1958, Yeng Zho Scholary
Swordsman is the first Glove puppetry
soap opera and is very popular then. Shih
Yen Wen, the main character in the series
even become a racial hero to students that
time. The show was made again in 2000,
revised in some details, but didn’t change
its outline and spirit of Shih Yen Wen.
Outline
• The series describe that Shih Yen Wen
and “Xia” in the society of “Xia”s
attack betrayer and the group of bad men,
protect the king, people, and other “Xia”.
The combination of “Xia” and
Confucianism
• Being pure loyal, obedient, love, “Yi” man, Shih
Yen Wen is portrayed by most people in the
series by using this sentence.
• In the beginning, Shih Yen Wen attack unfair
fighting competition with anger and this is “Xia”.
Then, Shih Yen Wen work hard for people and
other “Xia” without caring danger to his life that
he faces. We take this behavior as the best
model of “Xia”.
The combination of “Xia” and
Confucianism
• “Xia” do everything by his own justice and we
can find Shih Yen Wen do everything by loyalty
and “Yi”, which is one of the main thought of
Chinese Confucianism. Therefore, we say Shih
Yen Wen is a “Xia” who follows the thoughts of
Confucianism.
• On the other hand, “Ju” is also representative of
a man of letter. Shih Yen Wen has high class of
literature, like writing poems and articles, and do
antithetical couplet. Having high class of
literature and martial art is the necessary
qualities of “Ju Xia”.
“Xia” of Shih Yen Wen
• The “Xia” of Shih Yen Wen, which is based on
modern concept of “Xia” has two traits. First,
help people by “Yi” when he saw unfair; second,
be “Xia”’s leader. That is, Shih Yen Wen is the
best “Xia” of all, taking social justice and peace
as the most important things he should do, and
recognizing that group is major to self.
• The influence to Taiwan of Shih Yen Wen’s “Xia”
is not simply that he is “Xia”, but also that make
a new model and standard of “Xia” to modern
society by his behavior.
The meaning of Yeng Zho Scholary
Swordsman
• Owing to the trend of Yeng Zho Scholary
Swordsman in Taiwan, when we talk about “Xia”
now, most people think of Shih Yen Wen
naturally. So, we can say that Shih Yen Wen
represent the best “Xia” in Taiwan and even is a
standard that people assume who is “Xia”.
• Shih Yen Wen is a person who puts
Confucianism into practice, being a model of
combining the “Xia” and Confucianism.
Movie of “Wu Xia”
• In 1960s, movie industry pop on the East.
Movie of “Wu Xia” begins from Bruce Lee
to Jet Li, Once Upon A Time In China, in
1990s. And ,in 2000, Crouching Tiger
Hidden Dragon shot by Li Ann even brings
this kind of movie into Western culture.
For instance
• 1979 . The Deadly Breaking Sword
• 1992 . Once Upon A Time In China I
• 2000 . Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon
Film
Comparison
• Martial art in The Deadly Breaking Sword is fitful
because the technique to shoot movies is not
good then. However, it also can explain the
meaning of “Xia” in a new way, not similar to
literature.
• Of course, martial art in Once Upon A Time In
China is better than before. And Crouching Tiger
Hidden Dragon even explains not only martial
art but also the connotation of “Xia.”
The origin of Japanese Bushido
• In the generation of “Nara” (A.D.710~784),
the manorial system became more and
more popular. After conscription was
downfallen, in order to protect himself, the
owners of baronies started to organized
the farmers in his barony and taught them
martial arts. Therefore, these farmers
gradually became a group of people who
especially to be assigned to protect the
barony and fight with invaders.
The classical Japanese Bushido
• The classical Japanese Bushido also
called “hagakure.” In Japanse, “hagakure”
means the shadow of trees. It symbolizes
a person who can be loyal to his duke
even pay his live. What’s more, this kind of
person will protect his duke clandestinely.
The spirit of “hagakure” thought that only
sacrifice can show one’s loyalty.
The spirit of Japanese Bushido
• 1. Do not afraid of death
• 2. To comply with crowned head
absolutely
• 3. Put emphasize on convenances
• 4. Look up on the responsibility seriously
• 5. Pay attention to shame and glory
The meaning of Japanese Bushido
• In Japan, Bushido spirit was promoted
fierily in the Middle Ages. It was accepted
by all the people from different society
classes. This spirit even become a mores
and deeply affect Japanese people. In
short, Japanese Bushido symbolizes a
spirit of Japan.
The summary of Western
• Chivalry and the culture of Hero：Most of the
translators translate the spirit of Xia into these
two words; however, there are some difference
between Xia and these two. Because of this, we
picked these and introduce these to let you know
the Western culture and then lead further to the
spirit aspect of Eastern culture.
• The European：The books such as Robin Hood
and Peter Pan can be translated into Xia.
Therefore, we suspect that these must have
something in common.
Chivalry
• Chivalry is polite, kind, and unselfish
behavior, especially by men towards
women.
• In the Middle Age, chivalry was the set of
the rules and way of behaving which
knights were expected to follow.
The Process of Chivalry
1.The origin meaning is horsemanship.
2. After the Crusades, the fame and position of chivalry
class rose. After contacting with eastern culture, the spirit
of Chivalry is formed gradually into some creeds –loyalty,
護教、尚武– , worshiping rich women, and taking
adventure as the supreme glory.
3.In the 12 century, the meaning of Chivalry was
transformed into the life norm：
* To protect the old and weak, women, and children.
* To fight against unfairness and evil because of justice.
* To love homeland.
* To do everything to protect the Church.
4.In the Middle Age, the King established the chivalry
organization and made knights important in the country.
They promised to be loyal to the King and do their best
to win the war.
The conditions to become a
knight in the Middle Age
1.Be well-born.
2.He had to be trained when youth, be a
server and learn polite letters and martial
arts in suzerain, and learn manner from
mistress. Afterwards, he could be awarded
the name of Knight at 21.
3.The young Knight often showed that they
had a clear conscience by competition in
martial arts on horses.
Knight and Ranger
• Knight was a kind of cavalry trained
formally in the Middle Age in Europe. Then,
it became a kind of name of honor. In the
literature of Chivalry, knights are
symbolized to be brave, loyal, and
incarnation of hero.
• Rangers themselves could be part of
knights or noblemen but give up their
identity or their land was swallowed up by
other noblemen. So, they left their land
and roam around to find another master.
The Degeneracy of Chivalry
• By 1500, the knights, who were soldiers of
battles, had been replaced by soldiers who
had firearms. From then on, the chivalry
degenerated. However, the spirit and
system of Chivalry didn’t disappear at all.
Instead, it is the notion of Chivalry – polite
and well-behavior that is regarded as an
important thought in western world.
The literature of Chivalry
• It is divided into lyric poetry and narrative
poetry, which show the spirit that knights
fight for love, honor, and achievements. In
the history of European literature, the
literature of Chivalry represents for the
literature of feudalism.
Lyric Poetry of Chivalry
• The center of lyric poetry is Provence,
southern France. It was written by
troubadours. In the northern place
trouvères used some nearby and historic
materials to create “Romance History”
The Legend of Chivalry
• It is divided into three systems – Ancient,
Britannia, and Byzantium. The best work
are Britannia fictional stories of King Arthur.
Don Quixote
• Don Quixote is published in 1605 and
1615 by Spanish author Miguel de
Cervantes Saavedra. The background was
a era without knights. The main character,
Don Quixote, dreamed that he had been a
knight, so he did lots of unthinkable deeds
and finally woke from his dream.
The Meaning of Don Quixote
• Don Quixote stands for knight in feudal society.
He indulged in the literature of Chivalry and
dreamed to be a knight, trying to revive the spirit
of Chivalry. With his passion and inflexibility, he
didn’t care what other people thought of him. He
regarded keeping justice as his sacred mission.
However, we could still find his kind motive and
intact purity in humanity through his absurd
deeds. Although the spirit of Chivalry existed in
13 century, there are still some culture which
succeeded to it in European society at present.
European Translative Literature about Xia
• In this part, we’ll introduce some literature
works that were translated into Chinese
and named Xia. Therefore, books of this
part might have some similar concept that
fit in with Xia. We try to give you a easier
way to know what eastern people think Xia
to be by introducing these books. Besides,
we compare these with the contemporary
concept of Xia so as to look upon Xia
much widely.
Books
＊You can click the following books or
movies to get more details.
• Peter Pan
• Zorro
• Scarlet Pimpernel
• Robin Hood
The Meaning and Influence of
Translative Literature
• The characters in the books are called Xia,
which is defined by contemporary Eastern
literature always exerted themselves to
keep justice.
• Because the translative literature was
widely read, it truly influenced the concept
of Xia to young people. However, the
western interpretation is still different from
the concept of Xia.
The Content of Peter Pan
• In stifling Edwardian London, Wendy Darling
mesmerizes her brothers every night with
bedtime tales of swordplay, swashbuckling and
the fearsome Captain Hook. But the children
become the heroes of an even greater story,
when Peter Pan flies into their nursery one night
and leads them over moonlit rooftops through a
galaxy of stars and to the lush jungles of
Neverland. Wendy and her brothers join Peter
and the Lost Boys in an exhilarating life--free of
grown-up rules--while also facing the inevitable
showdown with Hook and his bloodthirsty pirates.
Peter Pan and Xia
• Peter Pan isn’t referred to as Xia because
it doesn’t fit in with the Chinese concept of
Xia. Although he truly have some traits –
courage and sense of justice, he fighted
against Captain Hook for personal feeling
of resentment instead of fair standpoint.
• Therefore, Peter Pan isn’t regarded as Xia.
As for why he is translated into Xia in
Chinese, we will explain it in the next page.
Peter Pan and Xia
• It is because that Peter Pan this book is a
fairytale. For children, Peter Pan can do
things that they can’t do. Therefore, this
cool name Xia is to attract children to
admire. But the actual Xia should possess
more noble morals.
The Content of Zorro
• Zorro (Spanish for Fox, and a by-word for
cunning or devious) is the superhero secret
identity of Don Diego de la Vega (originally Don
Diego Vega), a fictional nobleman and master
swordsman living in Spanish and Mexican-era
California. He defends the people of the land
against tyrannical governors and other villains;
not only is he much too cunning and foxlike for
the bumbling authorities to catch, but he delights
in publicly humiliating those same foes while
riding on his horse Tornado.
Zorro and Xia
• In the beginning, Zorro wasn’t qualified as
Xia. We just viewed him as a person who
was good at martial art and wanted to
revenge his dead brother. However, after
given a lesson and told that Zorro does
everything for the masses by Diego, he
started to care about the masses, even
giving up his family. This kind of
characteristic fit in with Xia.
Zorro and Xia
• Everything that Zorro had done made him
a great person. He fought against evil and
protect the people. His personal
characteristic revealed that he lived for the
people!
The Content of Scarlet Pimpernel
• The Scarlet Pimpernel is one of the great world's great literary
characters which is set in the 18th century against the backdrop
of the French Revolution.
• The book was written by a real baroness - a young woman
forced to flee her native Hungary because of fear of a peasant
revolt against the ruling class. Her fictitious character, Sir Percy
Blakeney, is the leader of a secret society of English aristocrats
called the League of the Scarlet Pimpernel.
• As the Pimpernel, he rescues French aristocrats who have
been condemned to death by the blade of the guillotine.
The Scarlet Pimpernel takes his nickname from the small red
flower with which he signs his messages.
• No one except his small group of followers, and possibly the
Prince of Wales, knows his true identity.
Scarlet Pimpernel and Xia
• Some characteristics of Scarlet Pimpernel
are close to the ones of Xia：To rebel
against the selfish behavior of ruling
person; to hide one’s true identity and do
just things behind the scene.
Robin Hood
• 1194 – After an epic journey from England,
Robin of Locksley and his man Much, are
camped outside Acre, the ancient port on the
coast of the Mediterranean, now held by Salah
al-Din and his vast Muslim army. Robin and
Much are part of King Richard Coeur de Lion's
bodyguard.
…….more
Robin Hood and Xia
• Robin Hood relatively tallies with Xia
because he is wise, good at martial art,
against vicious power. This folk legend
shows the image of Hero for the people.
Especially in the turbulent times, Robin
Hood is actually the Savior of the people.
Therefore, we refer to him as 俠盜.
The Origin of the Culture of
American Heroes
• It first started in 1929 when the Great
Recession occurred, people often placed
hope on comics.
• 1938~1955, the culture of American
Heroes developed to the prime time.
Superman is the masterpiece of this
period.
The Origin of the Culture of
American Hero
• In the World War Two, the patriotism
sprang up, making the culture of American
Hero more active.
• By 1960, many heroes who were born with
special power appeared in various
features after the movie industry sprang
up.
The Traits of the Culture of
American Hero
• Basic elements：
The topic that justice always wins
Powerful enemy but eventually fail
High-spirited and winding circumstance
• The heroic characteristic
Super energy, individualism, aggressive,
absolute confidence
• In brief, contemporary worship of Hero reveals
people’s values of capability, courage, wise,
virtue, and achievement.
American Heroic Movies
• Superman, Spiderman, Batman, XMan,
The Flash, Daredevil, The Hulk, Hellboy,
Ironman, Ghost Rider, Fantastic Four,
Spawn, Catwoman, Blade, Robocop,
Vendetta, Elektra, Wonder Woman
The Content of Spiderman
• In 2002, one of the world's most popular comic book heroes made his
leap to the big screen. Released in conjunction with the 40th
anniversary of the web-slinger's first appearance in a comic book,
Spider-Man centers on an ordinary student named Peter Parker who,
after being bitten by a genetically-altered spider, gains superhuman
strength and the spider-like ability to cling to any surface. He vows to
use his abilities to fight crime.
• Orphaned at an early age, Peter Parker lives in Queens, New York with
his beloved Aunt May and Uncle Ben. Peter leads the life of a normal
student, working as a photographer at the school paper, pining after his
beautiful next-door neighbor Mary Jane Watson and hanging out with
his buddy Harry Osborn.
• On a school field trip where Peter and his classmates are given a
science demonstration on arachnids, Peter is bitten by a geneticallyaltered spider. Soon after, he discovers that he has gained unusual
powers - the strength and agility of a spider along with a keen, ESP-like
"spider sense".
• At first, Peter decides to use these powers to make money to impress
Mary Jane. He appears in a wrestling match and, armed with his new
spider strength, wins the match in record time. But the crooked wrestling
match promoter refuses to award Peter the prize money. Moments later,
the promoter is robbed and Peter has the opportunity to catch the burglar
fleeing from the promoter's office, but because he wants revenge Peter
refuses to stop him. Tragically, the burglar kills Peter's Uncle Ben during a
carjacking as he flees the scene of the crime.
• As Spider-Man, Peter apprehends the burglar but is plagued with guilt for
not being a hero sooner. During his time of turmoil, Peter remembers
something Uncle Ben once told him: "With great power, comes great
responsibility." Peter takes this to heart and decides to use his
extraordinary powers to fight crime and protect the city as Spider-Man.
• Meanwhile, megalomaniacal businessman Norman Osborn, Harry's father,
is undergoing some changes of his own. An experimental formula has
gone awry, increasing his intelligence and strength but also driving him
insane. He is now the Green Goblin, Spider-Man's arch-enemy, who will
put young Peter Parker's vow to fight crime and help innocent people to
the ultimate test.
The Thought and Meaning of
Spiderman
• Spiderman is the most popular American
heroic movie, whose thoughts influence
people a lot.
• The main gist of Spiderman is ” With great
power, comes great responsibility.” This
sentence appeared in the movie repeatedly.
This is also the latest talks of uncle Ben. It
shows that how much responsibility Heroes
take again and again.
The Traits of American Heroic Movies
• In the various American Heroic movies,
every main character has its own special
power, use it to hit guilty, help handle
public security, and be the helper of the
police as well as the idol of the people.
They may face the problem that they are
different from the general public and then
can’t continue to live as usual. Finally,
each of them has their own result – living
in privacy, death, or so.
The Influence of the Culture of
American Hero
• Just like other American culture, it has
spread all over the world. And it also
influences many other culture. There is still
lots of space to improve and change. It
might be complete because of the
development of the movie industry.