Transcript No Slide Title

The real difficulty in changing
the course of any enterprise
lies not in developing new ideas
but in escaping old ones.
John Maynard Keynes
New Directions for Student Support:
Addressing Barriers to Learning to Close the
Achievement Gap & Ensure No Child is Left Behind
Rethinking Student Support Systems and
School-Community Collaboration
to Enable Students to Learn & Schools to Succeed
Intro: Who are We Talking About?
What are We Trying to Accomplish?
I. Addressing Barriers to Learning for
All Students: An Umbrella Concept for a
Comprehensive, Multifaceted,
and Cohesive Agenda
II. Framing Intervention Comprehensively
III. Examples of Rethinking Infrastructure –
Building Local Capacity
IV. Getting From Here to There –
Systemic Change: Beyond the Miracle
Why New Directions
are Imperative
There is a particular urgency arising
from demands made by the
No Child Left Behind Act
• Many Schools are being designated as low
performing
• Increasing accountability demands require
demonstrating progress for students who are
“economically disadvantaged, from racial and
ethnic minority groups, have disabilities, or
have limited English proficiency.”
• All schools will be evaluated on criteria
designed to identify sites that are “persistently
dangerous.”
With increasing accountability for
student outcomes and dwindling
budgets, it has become absolutely
essential to rethink use of existing
learning supports.
What’s Involved in Meeting
the Challenges of
Rethinking Support
Programs, Resources, and
Personnel
• It involves much more than
coordinating services.
• And it is not about developing
Full Service Schools
Rather, It involves:
• more effective deployment of existing
resources (by minimizing fragmentation,
counterproductive competition, and
marginalization of student supports)
• reframing student supports as learning
supports that address barriers to student
learning and realigning support staff
roles and functions to develop
comprehensive, multifaceted, and
cohesive approaches
It also involves
• fully integrating learning support
programs and staff into the school
improvement agenda at every school
• revamping infrastructures to weave
resources together and provide
mechanisms for enhancing and evolving
how schools address barriers to student
learning
— and some other matters we will explore.
Understanding Barriers to
Learning and Development and
the Implications for Test Scores
In too many schools too many students are
not connecting with instruction.
This is especially the case for schools
serving students from economically
disadvantaged families.
For these schools and for their districts, this
means
 initial gains in average achievement
test score gains will plateau after a
few years and
 the achievement gap will remain.
Barriers to Learning and Development
Range of Learners
(categorized in terms of their
response to academic instruction)
I = Motivationally
ready & able
No barriers
Not very
motivated/
lacking
prerequisite
knowledge
II = & skills/
different
learning rates
& styles/
minor
vulnerabilities
Barriers
Barriers
to
to
Learning
Learning
A
C
C
O
U
(a) Classroom
Desired
N
Teaching
Outcomes T
+
(High
A
(b) Enrichment
Expectations) B
Activity
I
L
I
\
/
T
H I G H
S T A N D A R D S
Y
Instructional
Component
III = Avoidant/
very deficient
in current
capabilities/
has a disability/
major health
problems
Examples of barriers:*
External
Internal
>inadequate enrichment/recreational opportunities
>deficiencies in necessary prerequisite skills
>school and community deficiencies
>negative attitudes toward schooling
>frequent transitions and mobility
>disabilities and other vulnerabilities
>lack of home involvement/family problems
>lack of positive peer support
>inadequate school support programs and community social/health services
*Although a few youngster start out with internal problems and many others internalize
negative experiences, there can be little doubt that external factors are primarily responsible
for the majority of learning, behavior, and emotional problems encountered in schools.
Addressing barriers both minimizes factors interfering with healthy development and learning
and enables others to promote healthy development and learning. Promoting healthy
development is an end in itself and also plays a major role in prevention.
Adapted from: H.S. Adelman & L. Taylor (1994). On understanding intervention in psychology and education.
Westport, CT: Prager.
Test score averages tend to plateau
after a few years in schools with
large numbers of students who are
bumping into barriers to learning in
ways that interfere with their
motivation and ability to
engage effectively in what the
teacher has planned for the day.
Some people hear the phrase
“addressing barriers to learning”
and think it is about student deficits.
It’s much more about
environmental deficit conditions.
And, it is always concerned about
>strengths and protective buffers
(e.g., assets, resiliency)
>promoting healthy development
Addressing Barriers to Student Learning
What’s the Current State of Affairs?
Talk about fragmented!!!
Which of
these
addresses
barriers to
student
learning?
Psychological
Testing
After-School
Programs
Health
Services
Special
Education
Physical
Education
Violence &
Crime
Prevention
School
School Lunch
Program
Counseling
Drug
Services
Social
Services
Pregnancy
Prevention
HIV/AIDS
Services
Nutrition
Education
Drug
Prevention
CommunityBased
Organizations
Mental
Health
Services
Health
Education
Pupil
Services
Juvenile
Court
Services
Clinic
HIV/Aids
Prevention
Child
Protective
Services
Codes of
Discipline
Smoking
Cessation For
Staff
Adapted from: Health is Academic: A guide to Coordinated School Health Programs (1998).
Edited by E. Marx & S.F. Wooley with D. Northrop. New York: Teachers College Press.
Clearly, current interventions
are not being conceptualized within
comprehensive and cohesive
policy and intervention
frameworks
What’s Getting in the Way?
1. List five “barriers” that you find regularly
get in the way of students benefiting from the
various instructional improvements being made
in your schools.
2. What strategies have you found helpful in
addressing these barriers to student learning?
3. What more do you think needs to be done
in the classroom and school-wide to address
these barriers effectively?
II. Needed:
A Policy Shift





Two Major and Separate Reform Movements
What’s Missing?
Marginalization
Moving to a Three Component Model
Policy into Daily Practice
When policy focuses on schools and
communities working together,
it is important to recognize that we are
talking about two major and separate
reform movements.
>School Improvement
>Agency Reform
And, it is especially important to
understand the implications of this!
Looking first at the Movement for
School Improvement:
What’s Missing?
Instructional
Component
(to directly
facilitate learning)
What’s
Missing?
Management
Component
(for governance
and resource
management)
What’s missing becomes evident when we ask:
How does school improvement planning
address barriers to learning?
It’s not really missing --
it’s just marginalized
This is because current school
improvement policy essentially
is based on a two component model
for describing the key functions schools
must pursue each day.
How does current policy, practice, and research
address barriers to development & learning?
A Two Component
Model of Key Functions
Direct Facilitation of
Development & Learning
(Developmental Component)
Addressing Barriers to Development,
Learning, & Teaching
(not treated as a primary component)*
Governance and Resource Management
(Management Component)
*While not treated as a primary & essential component, every school &
community offers a relatively small amount of school-owned student
"support" services and community-owned resources – some of which
are linked together. Schools, in particular, have been reaching out to
community agencies to add a few more services. All of this remains
marginalized & fragmented.
Restructuring and Reforming
Community Health and Human Services
The intent of current agency reform policy ->end fragmentation
>enhance access to clientele
The focus -- >interagency collaboration.
>school-linked services
(if school-based, approach
is collocation)
Problems ->doesn’t integrate with a school’s
efforts to address barriers to learning
>limits the focus to current agency
services
As a result, current agency policy produces ->an additional form of fragmentation
>counterproductive competition
>greater marginalization
It is important to remember that
Community Agency Reform
is not the same as
Strengthening Communities
Because the focus is on services,
little attention is paid to
>integrating community resources with
existing school programs and services
designed to address barriers to learning;
>strengthening families and neighborhoods
by improving economic status and
enhancing other fundamental supports.
A Range of Community Resources that Could Be Part of a Collaboration
County Agencies and Bodies
(e.g., Depts. of Health, Mental Health,
Children & Family Services, Public Social
Services, Probation, Sheriff, Office of
Education, Fire, Service Planning Area
Councils, Recreation & Parks, Library,
courts, housing)
Municipal Agencies and Bodies
(e.g., parks & recreation, library, police,
fire, courts, civic event units)
Physical and Mental Health & Psychosocial Concerns Facilities and Groups
(e.g., hospitals, clinics, guidance centers,
Planned Parenthood, Aid to Victims,
MADD, “Friends of” groups; family crisis
and support centers, helplines, hotlines,
shelters, mediation and dispute resolution
centers)
Mutual Support/Self-Help Groups
(e.g., for almost every problem and many
other activities)
Sports/Health/Fitness/Outdoor Groups
(e.g., sports teams, athletic leagues, local
gyms, conservation associations, Audubon
Society)
Community Based Organizations
(e.g., neighborhood and homeowners’
associations, Neighborhood Watch, block
clubs, housing project associations,
economic development groups, civic
associations)
Faith Community Institutions
(e.g., congregations and subgroups, clergy
associations, Interfaith Hunger Coalition)
Legal Assistance Groups
(e.g., Public Counsel, schools of law)
Ethnic Associations
(e.g., Committee for Armenian Students in
Public Schools, Korean Youth Center,
United Cambodian Community, AfricanAmerican, Latino, Asian-Pacific, Native
American Organizations)
Child Care/Preschool Centers
Post Secondary Education
Institutions/Students
(e.g., community colleges, universities,
public and private colleges and
universities, vocational colleges; specific
schools within these such as Schools of
Law, Education, Nursing, Dentistry)
Service Agencies
(e.g., PTA/PTSA, United Way, clothing
and food pantry, Visiting Nurses
Association, Cancer Society, Catholic
Charities, Red Cross, Salvation Army,
volunteer agencies, legal aid society)
Service Clubs and Philanthropic Orgs.
(e.g., Lions Club, Rotary Club, Optimists,
Assistance League, men’s and women’s
clubs, League of Women Voters, veteran’s
groups, foundations)
Youth Agencies and Groups
(e.g., Boys and Girls Clubs, Y’s, scouts,
4-H, Woodcraft Rangers)
Special Interest Associations and Clubs
(e.g., Future Scientists and Engineers of
America, pet owner and other animaloriented groups)
Artists and Cultural Institutions
(e.g., museums, art galleries, zoo, theater
groups, motion picture studios, TV and
radio stations, writers’ organizations,
instrumental/choral, drawing/painting,
technology-based arts, literary clubs,
collector’s groups)
Businesses/Corporations/Unions
(e.g., neighborhood business associations,
chambers of commerce, local shops,
restaurants, banks, AAA, Teamsters,
school employee unions)
Media
(e.g., newspapers, TV & radio, local access
cable)
Family Members, Local Residents, Senior
Citizens Groups
Day Care
Center
Police
Faith-based
Institutions
Banks
Higher Education
Institutions
Senior
Citizens
Local
Residents
Library
School
Businesses
Artist &
Cultural
Institutions
Restaurants
Media
Community
Based Orgs.;
Civic Assn.
Health & Social
Services
Agencies
Adapted from: J. Kretzmann & J. McKnight (1993). Building Communities from the
Inside Out: A Path Toward Findings and Mobilizing a Community’s Assets. Chicago:
ACTA Publications
School systems are not responsible for
meeting every need of their students.
But . . .
when the need directly affects learning,
the school must meet the challenge.
Carnegie Task Force on Education
Expanding the Focus for
School Improvement and Restructuring:
Moving to a Three Component Model
Establishes a component for addressing barriers to
development and learning which is treated as primary and
essential and which weaves together school and community
resources to develop comprehensive approaches
Direct Facilitation of
Development & Learning
(Developmental Component)
Addressing Barriers to
Development & Learning
(Enabling Component)
Governance and Resource Management
(Management Component)
Moving from a two to a three component model for reform and restructuring.
*The third component (an enabling component) is established
in policy and practice as primary and essential and is developed
into a comprehensive approach by weaving together school and
community resources.
In 2002, the Council of Chief State School
Officers has adopted the following as the
organization’s new mission statement:
CCSSO, through leadership, advocacy, and
service, assists chief state school officers and
their organizations in
achieving the vision of an
American education system that enables all
children to succeed in school, work, and life.
Policy Into Daily Practice:
Moving beyond piecemeal and
fragmented activity
(A few major implications for what schools, districts,
communities, states, and the federal government need to do)
• Ensure a full continuum of school-community
interventions (programs/services)
• Help develop schools as key environments
in their community
• Operationalize the continuum into a
comprehensive, multifaceted, and
cohesive approach that addresses the
problems experienced at every school
• Enable the braiding of funds from
 general funds
compensatory education
safe and drug free schools initiatives
special education
 community resources (e.g., agencies, grants,
gifts, volunteers, human & social capital)
III. Comprehensive
Intervention
Framework

Addressing Barriers to Learning for All Students:
An Umbrella Concept for a Comprehensive Approach


What a Comprehensive Framework Would Include
Two Interacting Frameworks for Schools and
for School-Community Collaboration
>Essential Continuum of Interconnected Systems
>An Enabling or Learning Support Component


Integrating the Two Frameworks
Toward a Comprehensive, Multifaceted, &
Integrated Approach
Addressing Barriers to Learning
for All Students
An Umbrella Concept
for a Comprehensive,
Multifaceted, and Cohesive Agenda
A Comprehensive Framework Would Include
Promotion of Assets, Prevention of Problems, &
Addressing Problems in Keeping with the Principle of Least Intervention Needed
Intervention concerns for school, home, and community
Promoting Learning &
Healthy Development*
as necessary
plus
Prevention of Problems
(System of Prevention)**
as
necessary
Intervening as early after onset
of problems as is feasible
(System of Early Intervention)**
as
necessary
Specialized assistance for those with
severe, pervasive, or chronic problems
(System of Care)**
*Interventions to directly facilitate development and learning.
**Interventions that combine to establish a full continuum
for addressing barriers to learning and development.
Two Interacting Frameworks for Schools
and for School-Community Collaboration
>An essential Continuum of
Interconnected Systems
>An Enabling or Learning
Support Component
that defines the fundamental
programs and services
every school needs to
address barriers to learning
Interconnected Systems for Meeting the Needs of All Students
Providing a CONTINUUM OF SCHOOL-COMMUNITY PROGRAMS & SERVICES
Ensuring use of the LEAST INTERVENTION NEEDED
School Resources
Community Resources
(facilities, stakeholders,
programs, services)
Examples:
 General health education
Drug and alcohol educ.
Enrichment programs
Support for transitions
Conflict resolution
Home involvement
(facilities, stakeholders,
programs, services)
Systems for Promoting
Healthy Development &
Preventing Problems
primary prevention – includes
universal interventions
(low end need/low cost
per individual programs)
 Drug counseling
Pregnancy prevention
Violence prevention
Dropout prevention
Suicide prevention
Learning/behavior
accommodations
Work programs
 Special education for
learning disabilities,
emotional disturbance,
and other health
impairments
Systems of Early Intervention
early-after-onset – includes
selective & indicated
interventions
(moderate need, moderate
cost per individual)
Systems of Care
treatment/indicated
interventions for severe &
chronic problems
(High end need/high cost
per individual)
Examples:
 Public health & safety
programs
Prenatal care
Immunizations
Recreation & enrichment
Child abuse education
Early identification to treat
health problems
Monitoring health problems
Short-term counseling
Foster placement/group
homes
Family support
Shelter, food, clothing
Job programs
Emergency/crisis treatment
Family preservation
Long-term therapy
Probation/incarceration
Disabilities programs
Hospitalization
Drug treatment
Systemic collaboration* is essential to establish interprogram connections on a
daily basis and over time to ensure seamless intervention within each system and
among systems of prevention, systems of early intervention, and systems of care.
An Enabling or
Learning Support Component
Defining Major Arenas
Every School Needs to Operationalize
in Order to
Address Barriers to Student Learning
Every Day
Framing an Enabling Component for a School Site:
Overview of Activity Related to the 6 Curriculum Areas
Pioneer initiatives around the country are demonstrating the
need to rethink how schools and communities can meet the
challenge of addressing persistent barriers to students learning
and to healthy development. These initiatives are underscoring
that (a) current reforms are based on an inadequate two
component model for restructuring schools and (b) movement
to a three component model is necessary if schools are to
benefit all young people appropriately. They recognize that to
enable teachers to teach effectively, there must not only be
effective instruction and well-managed schools, but barriers
must be handled in a comprehensive way.
The three component model calls for elevating efforts to
address barriers to development, learning, and teaching to the
level of one of three fundamental and essential facets of
education reform. We call this third component an Enabling
Component. All three components are seen as essential,
complementary, and overlapping. The concept of an Enabling
Component is formulated around the proposition that a
comprehensive, multifaceted, integrated continuum of enabling
activity is essential in addressing the needs of youngsters who
encounter barriers that interfere with their benefitting
satisfactorily from instruction.
(cont.)
In establishing such a third component, some schools and
education agencies around the country have labeled it a
“Learning Supports” component or a “Supportive Learning
Environment” component or a “Comprehensive Student Support
System”. By calling for reforms that fully integrate a focus on
addressing barriers to student learning, the notion of a third
component (whatever it is called) provides a unifying concept
for responding to a wide range of factors interfering with young
people’s learning and performance. And, the concept calls on
reformers to expand the current emphasis on improving
instruction and school management to include a comprehensive
component for addressing barriers to learning and to ensure it is
well integrated with the other two components.
Operationalizing an enabling component requires (a)
formulating a delimited framework of basic program areas and
(b) creating an infrastructure to restructure and enhance existing
resources.
Based on an extensive analysis of activity schools use to address
barriers to learning, we cluster enabling activity into six
interrelated areas (see the following pages).
A well-designed and supported infrastructure is needed to
establish, maintain, and evolve this type of comprehensive
approach to addressing barriers to student learning. Such an
infrastructure includes mechanisms for coordinating among
enabling activity, for enhancing resources by developing direct
linkages between school and community programs, for moving
toward increased integration of school and community
resources, and for integrating the developmental/instructional,
enabling, and management components. It also includes
reframing the roles of education support personnel.1
1. See the surveys covering the six areas and discussion of the necessary infrastructure
in various documents available from the Center. The surveys can be used as part of a
school’s self-study or quality review processes to map what a school has and what it
needs to address barriers to learning in a multifaceted and comprehensive manner
An Enabling Component to Address Barriers to Learning
& Enhance Healthy Development at a School Site
Range of Learners
(categorized in terms of their
response to academic instruction
at any given point in time)
I = Motivationally
ready & able
Not very
motivated/
lacking
prerequisite
II = knowledge
& skills/
different
learning rates
& styles/minor
vulnerabilities
No Barriers
Barriers
Barriers
to
to
Learning
Learning
Instructional
Component
(a) Classroom
Teaching
+
(b) Enrichment
Activity
Desired
Outcomes
Compone nt to Enable Learning
A Comprehensive, Multifaceted Approach
for Addressing Barriers to Learning
The approach weaves six clusters of enabling
activity (i.e., enabling component curriculum)
into the fabric of the school to address barriers
Avoidant/:
very deficient
in current
III = capabilities/
has a disability/
major health
problems
to learning and promote healthy development
for all students.
Classroom-Based
Approaches to
Enable Learning
Crisis/
Emergency
Assistance &
Prevention
Support for
Transitions
Infrastructure
>leadership
>resource
coordination &
enhancement
Student
& Family
Assistance
Community
Outreach/
Volunteers
Home Involvement
in Schooling
Emergent impact = Enhanced school climate/culture/sense of community
Classroom-Focused Enabling &
Re-engaging Students in Classroom Learning
*Classroom based efforts to enable learning
>>Prevent problems; intervene as soon as problems are noted
>>Enhance intrinsic motivation for learning
>>Re-engage students who have become disengaged from classroom learning
• Opening the classroom door to bring available supports in
 Peer tutors, volunteers, aids (trained to work with students-in-need)
 Resource teachers and student support staff
• Redesigning classroom approaches to enhance teacher capability
to prevent and handle problems and reduce need for out of class
referrals
 Personalized instruction; special assistance as necessary
 Developing small group and independent learning options
 Reducing negative interactions and over-reliance on social control
 Expanding the range of curricular and instructional options and choices
 Systemic use prereferral interventions
• Enhancing and personalizing professional development
 Creating a Learning Community for teachers
 Ensuring opportunities to learn through co-teaching, team teaching, mentoring
 Teaching intrinsic motivation concepts and their application to schooling
• Curricular enrichment and adjunct programs
 Varied enrichment activities that are not tied to reinforcement schedules
 Visiting scholars from the community
• Classroom and school-wide approaches used to create and
maintain a caring and supportive climate
 Emphasis is on enhancing feeling of competence, self-determination, and
relatedness to others at school and reducing threats to such feelings
Crisis Assistance and Prevention
*School-wide and classroom-based efforts for
>>responding to crisis
>>minimizing the impact of crisis
>>preventing crisis
• Ensuring immediate assistance in emergencies so students can
resume learning
• Providing Follow up care as necessary
 Brief and longer-term monitoring
•Forming a school-focused Crisis Team to formulate a response
plan and take leadership for developing preventive programs
•Mobilizing staff, students, and families to anticipate response
plans and recovery efforts
•Creating a caring and safe learning environment
 Developing systems to promote healthy development and prevent problems
 Bullying and harassment abatement programs
•Working with neighborhood schools and community to integrate
planning for response and prevention
•Staff/stakeholder development focusing on the role and
responsibility of all in promoting a caring and safe environment
Support for Transitions
*School-wide and classroom-based efforts to
>>enhance acceptance and successful transitions
>>prevent transitions problems
>>use transition periods to reduce alienation
>>use transition periods to increase positive attitudes/motivation
toward school and learning
• Welcoming & social support programs for newcomers
 Welcoming signs, materials, and initial receptions
 Peer buddy programs for students, families, staff, volunteers
• Daily transition programs for
 Before school, breaks, lunch, afterschool
• Articulation programs
 Grade to grade (new classrooms, new teachers)
 Elementary to Middle School; Middle to High School
 In and out of special education programs
• Summer or intersession programs
 Catch-up, recreation, and enrichment programs
• School-to-career/higher education
 Counseling, pathway, and mentor programs
•Broad involvement of stakeholders in planning for transitions
 Students, staff, home, police, faith groups, recreation, business, higher educ.
•Staff/stakeholder development for planning transition
programs/activities
Home Involvement in Schooling
*School-wide & classroom-based efforts
to engage the home in
>>strengthening the home situation
>>enhancing problem solving capabilities
>>supporting student development and learning
>>strengthening school and community
• Addressing specific support and learning needs of family
 Support services for those in the home to assist in addressing basic survival
needs and obligations to the children
 Adult education classes to enhance literacy, job skills, English-as-a-second
language, citizenship preparation
•Improving mechanisms for communication and connecting
school and home
 Opportunities at school for family networking and mutual support, learning,
recreation, enrichment, and for family members to receive special assistance
and to volunteer to help
 Phone calls from teacher and other staff with good news
 Frequent and balanced conferences (student-led when feasible)
 Outreach to attract hard-to-reach families (including student dropouts)
•Involving homes in student decision making
 Families prepared for involvement in program planning and problem-solving
•Enhancing home support for learning and development
 Family Literacy, Family Homework Projects, Family Field Trips
•Recruiting families to strengthen school and community
 Volunteers to welcome and support new families and help in various capacities
 Families prepared for involvement in school governance
•Staff/stakeholder development to broaden awareness of and
plan programs to enhance opportunities for home involvement
Community Outreach for Involvement and
Support (including Volunteers)
*Building linkages and collaborations to strengthen
students, schools, families, and neighborhoods
• Work group for planning and implementing outreach to involve
 Community resources such as public and private agencies; colleges and
universities; local residents; artists and cultural institutions, businesses and
professional organizations; service, volunteer, and faith-based organizations
 Community policy and decision makers
•Staff/stakeholder development on the value of community
involvement and opening the school to expanded forms of community
activities and programs
•Mechanisms to recruit, screen, and prepare community
participants
•Orienting and welcoming programs for community participants
•Programs to enhance a sense of community
•Policies and mechanisms to enhance and sustain school
-community involvement
 Support for maintenance
Celebration of shared successes
 “Social marketing” of mutual accomplishments
Student and Family Assistance
*Specialized assistance provided through
personalized health and social service programs
• Providing support as soon as a need is recognized and
doing so in the least disruptive ways
Prereferral interventions in classrooms
Problem solving conferences with parents
Open access to school, district, and community support programs
 Referral interventions for students & families with problems
 Screening, referrals, and follow-up - school-based, school linked
 Enhancing access to direct interventions for health, mental health,
and economic assistance
 School-based, school-linked, and community-based programs
 Follow-up assessment to check whether referrals and services are
adequate and effective
 Mechanisms for resource coordination to avoid duplication of and fill
gaps in services and enhance effectiveness
 School-based and linked, feeder family of schools, community-based programs
 Enhancing stakeholder awareness of programs and services
 Involving community providers to fill gaps and augment school
resources
 Staff/stakeholder development to enhance effectiveness of student
and family assistance systems, programs, and services
Integrating the Two Frameworks
In framing intervention for learning supports,
researchers have:
(1) clarified the continuum of interventions by
delineating a hierarchical set of systems
(2) organized the content/activity of learning
support activity for schools into a coherent &
cohesive component consisting of 6 arenas
for intervention
• a key arena of the component involves building the capacity of
classrooms to enhance instructional effectiveness.
Note: Such “classroom-focused enabling” involves personalized instruction that
accounts for motivational and developmental differences and special assistance in
the classroom as needed.
• beyond the classroom, five other arenas are delineated.
These clarify domains in which schools also must develop programs and
services that enable teaching and learning. By defining the content in
terms of six arenas, a broad unifying framework is created around which
learning support programs can be restructured.
>>As a cohesive whole, the 6 arenas
constitute the “curriculum”
of a learning supports component.
>>The combination of the continuum of
systems and the 6 arenas provide a
framework for developing a
comprehensive, multifaceted, and
cohesive component.
Matrix for reviewing scope and content of a component to address barriers to learning.*
Scope of Intervention
Systems for Promoting
Systems for
Healthy Development &
Early Intervention
Preventing Problems (Early after problem onset)
Systems of Care
ClassroomFocused
Enabling
Organizing
around the
Content/
“curriculum”
(for addressing
barriers to
learning &
promoting
healthy
development)
Crisis/
Emergency
Assistance &
Prevention
Support for
transitions
Home
Involvement
in Schooling
Community
Outreach/
Volunteers
Student and
Family
Assistance
Accommodations for differences & disabilities
Specialized assistance &
other intensified
interventions
(e.g., Special Education &
School-Based
Behavioral Health)
*Note that specific school-wide and classroom-based activities related to positive behavior support, “prereferral”
interventions, and the eight components of Center for Prevention and Disease Control’s Coordinated School
Health Program are embedded into the six content (“curriculum”) areas.
Toward a Comprehensive, Multifaceted, & Integrated
Approach for Addressing Barriers to Learning
It requires working to restructure, transform, enhance, and connect
• school-owned programs and services and
• community resources
In doing so, the emphasis needs to be on:
• all relevant school resources (e.g., compensatory
education, special education, general funds,
community resources)
• all relevant community resources (e.g., public and private
agencies, families, businesses; services, programs,
facilities; volunteers, professionals-in-training)
• weaving resources together in ways that evolve a
comprehensive, integrated approach that can
enhance effectiveness in addressing barriers to
learning at a school
• enhancing the role schools play in strengthening
neighborhoods and communities
The intended end products are cohesive and potent schoolcommunity partnerships that create caring and supportive
environments that maximize learning and well-being.
IV. Rethinking Infrastructure
• Overview Matrix
• School Level Mechanisms
• Connecting a “Family” of Schools
• Developing an Effective
• School-Community Collaborative
We begin with a matrix that provides
an overview of infrastructure considerations.
Then, we explore some specific infrastructure
needs related to establishing a component to
address barriers to learning. Infrastructure
mechanisms are needed
>at a school
>to connect a “family” of schools
>to develop an effective school-community
collaborative
Infrastructure Arenas
Systemic
Change
Capacity
Building
Daily
Implementation
School site &
neighborhood
resources
Level of
Focus
School complexes
& wider-community
resources
Districts & widercommunity resources
Area educational
agencies & widercommunity resources
State educational
agency & state
resources
Administrative
Leadership
Types of
Mechanisms
Staff
Leadership
Staff
Workgroups
Infrastructure considerations related to building a school-based
comprehensive student learning support component for
addressing barriers to learning.
Instructional
Component
Leadership
for instruction
School
Improvement
Team
moderate
problems
CaseOriented
Teams
(Various teams and work
groups focused on
improving instruction)
Management/Governance
Component
severe
problems
Management/
Governance
Administrators
(Various teams and work groups focused on
Management and governance)
Who’s at a School?
Often, schools have not generated a “map”
of the staff who are trying to address barriers
to student learning.
(1) Adapt the following form to fit a specific
school and then fill it out.
(2) Share the final version with teachers, parents,
and other concerned stakeholders.
The staff listed all are potentially
invaluable members of a school’s
Learning Support Resource Team
Some of the Special Resources
Connect to ____________ School
In a sense, each staff member is a special resource for each other. A few individuals are highlighted
here to underscore some special functions.
School Psychologist __________________
times at the school _______________
Provides assessment and testing of students for
special services. Counseling for students and
parents. Support services for teachers.
Prevention, crisis, conflict resolution, program
modification for special learning and/or
behavioral needs.
School Nurse ____________________________
times at the school________________
Provides immunizations, follow-up,
communicable disease control, vision and
hearing screening and follow-up, health
assessments and referrals, health counseling
and information for students and families.
Title I and Bilingual Coordinators
_______________________________
_______________________________
Coordinates categorical programs, provides
services to identified Title I students, implements
Bilingual Master Plan (supervising the
curriculum, testing, and so forth)
Resource and Special Education Teachers
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
times at the school __________________
 Provides information on program modifications
for students in regular classrooms as well as
providing services for special education.
Pupil Services & Attendance Counselor
_________________________________ Other important resources:
times at the school ________________
Provides a liaison between school and home to
maximize school attendance, transition
counseling for returnees, enhancing attendance
improvement activities.
Social Worker ___________________________
times at the school _______________
Assists in identifying at-risk students and
provides follow-up counseling for students and
parents. Refers families for additional services
if needed.
Counselors
_______________
_______________
times at the school
____________
____________
General and special counseling/guidance
services. Consultation with parents and school
staff.
Dropout Prevention Program Coordination
__________________________________
times at the school _____________
Coordinates activity designed to promote
dropout prevention.
School-based Crisis Team (list by name/title)
______________/_________________
______________/_________________
______________/_________________
______________/_________________
______________/_________________
School Improvement Program Planners
______________/______________
______________/______________
______________/_______________
Community Resources
 Providing school-linked or school-based
interventions and resources
Who
What they do
When
__________/__________________/________
__________/__________________/________
__________/__________________/________
__________/__________________/________
__________/__________________/________
__________/__________________/________
School Mechanisms for a Component to
Enable Learning by Addressing Barriers
• Administrative Leader
(e.g., 50% FTE devoted to component)
• Staff Lead for Component
• Staff Workgroups
A key infrastructure mechanism for
ensuring continuous analysis, planning,
development, evaluation, and advocacy is a
Learning Support Resource Team
U
C
L
FACT SHEET
A
WHAT IS A LEARNING SUPPORT RESOURCE TEAM?
E
very school that wants to improve its systems for
providing student support needs a mechanism that focuses
specifically on improving resource use and enhancement.
A Learning Support Resource Team (previously called a
Resource Coordinating Team) is a vital form of such a
mechanism.
Most schools have teams that focus on individual
student/family problems (e.g., a student support team, an
IEP team). These teams focus on such functions as
referral, triage, and care monitoring or management. In
contrast to this case-by-case focus, a school’s Learning
Support Resource Team can take responsibility for
enhancing use of all resources available to the school for
addressing barriers to student learning and promoting
healthy development. This includes analyzing how
existing resources are deployed and clarifying how they
can be used to build a comprehensive, multifaceted, and
cohesive approach. It also integrally involves the
community with a view to integrating human and financial
resources from public and private sectors to ensure that all
students have an equal opportunity to succeed at school.
What are its functions?
A Resource Coordinating Team performs essential
functions related to the implementation and ongoing
development of a comprehensive, multifaceted, and
cohesive approach for addressing barriers to student
learning and promoting healthy development.
Examples of key functions are:
 Mapping resources at school and in the
community
 Analyzing resources
 Identifying the most pressing program
development needs at the school
 Coordinating and integrating school resources &
connecting with community resources
 Establishing priorities for strengthening programs
and developing new ones
 Planning and facilitating ways to strengthen and
develop new programs and systems
 Recommending how resources should be deployed
and redeployed
 Developing strategies for enhancing resources
 “Social marketing”
Related to the concept of an Enabling (Learning Support)
Component, these functions are pursued within
frameworks that outline six curriculum content areas and
the comprehensive continuum of interventions needed to
develop a comprehensive, multifaceted approach to
student support that is integrated fully into the fabric of
the school.
Who’s on Such a Team?
A Learning Support Resource Team might begin with
only two people. Where feasible, it should expand into an
inclusive group of informed stakeholders who are able
and willing. This would include the following:








Principal or assistant principal
School Psychologist
Counselor
School Nurse
School Social Worker
Behavioral Specialist
Special education teacher
Representatives of community agencies
involved regularly with the school
 Student representation (when appropriate and
feasible)
 Others who have a particular interest and
ability to help with the functions
It is important to integrate this team with the
infrastructure mechanisms at the school focused on
instruction and management/governance. For example,
the school administrator on the team must represent the
team at administrative meetings; there also should be a
representative at governance meetings; and another
should represent the team at a Learning Support Resource
Council formed for a family of schools (e.g., the feeder
pattern).
References:
Adelman, H.S. (1993). School-linked mental health
interventions: Toward mechanisms for service
coordination and integration. Journal of
Community Psychology, 21, 309-319.
Center for Mental Health in Schools (2001).
Resource-Oriented Teams: Key Infrastructure
Mechanisms for Enhancing Education Supports.
Los Angeles: Author at UCLA.
Center for Mental Health in Schools (2002). Creating
the Infrastructure for an Enabling (Learning
Support) Component to Address Barriers to Student
Learning. Los Angeles: Author at UCLA.
Rosenblum, L., DiCecco, M.B., Taylor, L., & Adelman,
H.S. (1995). Upgrading school support programs
through collaboration: Resource Coordinating
Teams. Social Work in Education, 17, 117-124.
The center is co-directed by Howard Adelman and Linda Taylor and operates
under the auspices of the School Mental Health Project, Dept. of Psychology,
UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563 Phone: (310) 825-3634. Support comes in
part from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Health Resources
and Services Administration, Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Office of Adolescent Health, with co-funding
from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration’s Center for Mental Health Services.
A Learning Support Resource Team?????
“We already have a team”
What you probably have is
a Case-Oriented Team
(Focused on specific individuals
and discrete services)
Sometimes called:
 Child/Student Study Team
 Student Success Team
 Student Assistance Team
 Teacher Assistance Team
 IEP Team
EXAMPLES OF FUNCTIONS:
>triage
>referral
>case monitoring/
management
>case progress review
>case reassessment
What you also need is a
a Resource-Oriented Team
(Focused on all students and the
resources, programs, and systems to
address barriers to learning &
promote healthy development)
Possibly called:
 Resource Coordinating Team
 Resource Coordinating Council
 School Support Resource Team
 Learning Support Resource Team
EXAMPLES OF FUNCTIONS:
>aggregating data across students &
from teachers to analyze school needs
>mapping resources
>analyzing resources
>enhancing resources
>program and system planning/
development – including emphasis on
establishing a full continuum of
intervention
>redeploying resources
>coordinating-integrating resources
>social "marketing"
School-Based
Resource-Oriented Mechanism
(e.g., a Learning Support Resource Team)
What are it's functions?








aggregating data across students & from teachers to
analyze school needs
mapping resources
analyzing resources
enhancing resources
program and system planning/development
redeploying resources
coordinating and integratingresources
social "marketing"
If it is a team, how many are on it?
From 2 -- to as many as are willing and able.
Another team?
Not necessarily – but definitely a different agenda and time to do it.
Who's on it? (depends on what's feasible)
> School staff
(e.g., counselors, psychologists, social workers,
nurses, attendance and dropout counselors, special
education staff, health educators, bilingual program
coordinators, teachers)
> one of the school's administrators
> 1-2 parents
> 1-2 older students
> Representatives of any community resources/agencies
who are working closely with the school
Infrastructure Connections
 The administrator on the team represents the team at
administrator meetings
 One member must be an official representative on the
school's governance body
 One member represents the team on the
Complex's Learning Support Resource Council
Connecting a “Family” of Schools
Developing and connecting key resource-oriented mechanisms
at school sites, among families of schools, and district
and community wide
High Schools
Middle
Schools
Elementary
Schools
Learning
Supports
Resource
Te am
Learning
Supports
Resource
Te am
Learning
Supports
Resource
Te am
Learning
Supports
Resource
Te am
Learning
Supports
Resource
Te am
Learning
Supports
Resource
Te am
Learning Supports
Resource Council
School District
Resources, Management, &
Governing Bodies
Learning
Supports
Resource
Te am
Learning
Supports
Resource
Te am
Learning
Supports
Resource
Te am
Learning
Supports
Resource
Te am
Learning
Supports
Resource
Te am
Learning Supports
Resource Council
Community
Resources,
Planning, &
Governing
Learning
Supports
Resource
Te am
Example of an integrated infrastructure at the school level
Learning Supports
or Enabling Component
Instructional
Component
Leadership for
Learning Supports/
Enabling Component*
Leadership
for instruction
School
Improvement
Team
moderate
problems
CaseOriented
Teams
Learning
Supports
Resource
Team**
(Various teams and work
groups focused on
improving instruction)
Management/Governance
Component
severe
problems
Ad hoc and standing work groups***
Management/
Governance
Administrators
(Various teams and work groups focused on
Management and governance)
*Learning Supports or Enabling Component Leadership consists of an administrator and
other advocates/champions with responsibility and accountability for ensuring the
vision for the component is not lost. The administrator meets with and provides
regular input to the Learning Supports Resource Team.
**A Learning Supports Resource Team ensures component cohesion, integrated
implementation,
and ongoing development. It meets weekly to guide and monitor daily implementation
and development of all programs, services, initiatives, and systems at a school that are
concerned with providing learning supports and specialized assistance.
***Ad hoc and standing work groups – Initially, these are the various “teams” that already exist
related to various initiatives and programs (e.g., a crisis team) and for processing “cases”
(e.g., a student assistance team, an IEP team). Where redundancy exists, work groups
can be combined. Others are formed as needed by the Learning Supports Resource Team
to address specific concerns. These groups are essential for accomplishing the many
tasks associated with such a team’s functions.
For more on this, see
>http://smhp.psych.ucla.edu/pdfdocs/infrastructure/anotherinitiative-exec.pdf
>http://smhp.psych.ucla.edu/pdfdocs/studentsupport/toolkit/aidk.pdf
Leadership Beyond the School for a
Component to Enable Learning by
Addressing Barriers
At the Complex Level (family of schools)
• 1-2 representatives from each School-Based
Resource Team
• Facilitator for Complex Resource Council
At the District Level
• 1-2 representatives from each Complex
Resource Council
• High Level District Administrator
• School Board Subcommittee Chair
(Comparable leadership at county, state, and federal levels)
About Collaborative Infrastructure
 Too often, what is described as a
collaborative amounts to little more than a
monthly or quarterly meeting of a small and
not very empowered group of stakeholders.
 The meeting involves sharing, discussion
of ideas, and expression of frustrations. Then,
everyone leaves and little is done
between meetings.
 Collaboration is not about meeting. It is
about
pursuing specific functions and
accomplishing essential tasks.
 To be meaningful, a school-community
collaborative must organize an effective
infrastructure.
In doing so, it must remember the basic
organizational principle:
Structure
Follows
Function!
Examples of Task Functions
>aggregating data from schools and
neighborhood to analyze system needs
>mapping resources (not just services)
>analyzing resources
>program & system planning/development -including emphasis on setting priorities for
establishing a comprehensive, multifaceted,
and cohesive set of interventions to meet
needs of school and community
>redeploying resources
>enhancing resource use and seeking
additional resources
>coordinating-integrating resources
>social “marketing”
About Collaborative Infrastucture
Basic Collaborative Infrastructure
Who should be at the table?
>families
>schools
>communities
steering
group
Collab.
body
ad hoc
work
groups
Connecting Collaboratives at All Levels*
Local
collab.
multilocality
collab.
city-wide
& school
district
collab.
collab. of
county-wide
& all school
districts in
county
Exhibit
About Collaborative Infrastructure
Basic Collaborative Infrastructure
Who should be at the table?
>families1
>schools2
>communities3
standing work group
for pursuing operational collab
functions/tasks
body
(e.g., daily planning,
.
implementation, & eval.)
standing work groups
for pursuing programmatic
functions/tasks
(e.g., instruction, learning
supports, governance, community
organization, community develop.)
steering group
(e.g., drives the initiative,
uses political clout to
solve problems)
ad hoc work groups
for pursuing process
functions/tasks
(e.g., mapping, capacity
building, social marketing)
Staffing
>Executive Director
>Organization Facilitator (change agent)
Connecting Collaboratives at All Levels*
city-wide
local
collab.
multilocality
collab.
& school
district
collab.
collab. of
county-wide
& all school
districts in
county
Families. It is important to ensure that all who live in an area are represented – including, but not
limited to, representatives of organized family advocacy groups. The aim is to mobilize all the
human and social capital represented by family members and other home caretakers of the young.
1
2
Schools. This encompasses all institutionalized entities that are responsible for formal education
(e.g., pre-K, elementary, secondary, higher education). The aim is to draw on the resources of these
institutions.
3
Communities. This encompasses all the other resources (public and private money, facilities,
human and social capital) that can be brought to the table at each level (e.g., health and social
service agencies, businesses and unions, recreation, cultural, and youth development groups,
libraries, juvenile justice and law enforcement, faith-based community institutions, service clubs,
media). As the collaborative develops, additional steps must be taken to outreach to disenfranchised
groups.
Keep in mind:

Collaborations can be organized by
any group of stakeholders.

Connecting the resources of families and
the community through collaboration with
schools is essential for developing
comprehensive, multifaceted programs and
services.

At the multi-locality level, efficiencies and
economies of scale are achieved by connecting
a complex (or “family”) of schools
(e.g., a high school and its feeder schools).

In a small community, such a complex often
is the school district.

Conceptually, it is best to think in terms of
building from the local outward, but in
practice, the process of establishing the initial
collaboration may begin at any level.
V. Getting from Here to There:
Systemic Change
• Four Major Phases of System Change
• Some Key Elements in Making System Changes
• Considerations Related to New Initiatives
• A Logic Model
• Understanding Barriers to Change
• Steps in Establishing a Learning Support Component
• First Steps for a School-Community Collaboration
• About Change Agents
• Social Marketing, Data, and Systemic Change
• Standards and Accountability
How do we get from here to there?
Is this your change process?
Four Major Phases of System Change
 Creating Readiness
 Initial Implementation (start-up & phase-in)
 Institutionalization (maintenance, sustainability)
 Ongoing Evolution & Creative Renewal
Some Key Elements in Making System Changes
(1) SOCIAL MARKETING 101
(Simple messages - the rhetoric of the new - necessary, but insufficient)
(2) VISION & COMMITMENT
A Comprehensive, Multifaceted, and Integrated Approach to Address
Barriers to Student Learning & Promoting Healthy Development
(3) LEADERSHIP & INFRASTRUCTURE
• Administrative leads
>district (e.g., assistant superintendent)
>school site administrative lead (principal, AP)
• Board of Education (e.g., subcommittee)
• Resource Teams/Councils (school, cluster/complex, district)
• Organization Facilitators/Change Agents
(4) RESOURCES
• redeployment of current expenditures
>Title XI of ESEA (5% of ESEA dollars for coordinated services)
>IDEA (1% of special education dollars for coordinated services)
>other “compensatory” education dollars
>safe and drug free school dollars
>general funds for student support services
• better integration of
>community resources (including post secondary institutions)
>grants
(5) CAPACITY BUILDING (esp. time, space, inservice education)
• including state holders
• intensive efforts during first phases of change require extra support
and use of temporary mechanisms to facilitate changes
• need to address the problem of turnover and newcomers
Major system change is not easy, but the alternative is
promoting a very unsatisfactory status quo.
New initiatives: Considerations related to planning, implementing,
sustaining, and going-to-scale
NATURE & SCOPE OF FOCUS
Intervention/
Adoption/Adaptation
Program Prototype of the Prototype
Development
at a Particular Site
Social Marketing
Vision &
Policy Commitment
Partnership Negotiation
& Leadership
Designation
Infrastructure
Enhancement/Develop.
SOME
KEY
FACETS
(e.g., mechanisms for
governance, steering,
operation, coordination)
Resources -- Redeployed
& New (e.g., time, space,
funds)
Capacity Building
(especially development
of personnel & addressing
personnel mobility)
Standards, Evaluation, &
Accountability
Creating
Readiness
PHASES OF THE
CHANGE PROCESS
Initial
Implementation
Institutionalization
Ongoing
Evolution/
Creative
Renewal
System-Wide
Replication/
Scale-Up
Vision For
intervention
to address
problems and
enhance the
well-being (e.g.,
of children,
schools,
families, and
neighborhoods)
For systemic
changes
to accomplish
the above
(e.g., policy
shifts)
Resources
(e.g., dollars, real
estate space,
equipment, social
capital, etc. related
to overlapping
school-community
aims and functions
– includes
redeploying
resources)
(includes
redeploying
resources for
needed systemic
changes)
General
Functions &
Major Tasks/
Activities
(related to
overlapping
school-community
aims)
(related to
needed
systemic
changes)
Structure &
Strategies
related to
overlapping
aims &
functions –
connected
mechanisms
to
accomplish
functions
and
outcomes
(e.g., leadership
for change and
other change
agent
mechanisms)
Outcomes/Results
Formative/summative
evaluation and accountability
(e.g., data on students, schools,
families, & neighborhood; data
to “get credit for all you do”
and for social marketing)
intervention
Short-term Intermediate Long-term
(benchmarks)
systemic changes
Short-term Intermediate Long-term
(benchmarks)
Linking Logic Models for School-Community Intervention to Strengthen Young
People, Schools, Families, and Communities
With respect to both (a) desired interventions and (b) “getting from here to there” (e.g.,
systemic changes):
>What is our vision and long-term aims?
>What are the existing resources that might be redeployed and woven together to make
better progress toward the vision?
>What general functions and major tasks/activities need to be implemented?
>What structure/strategies are needed to carry out the functions and tasks (including
governance and resource management)?
>What short-term indicators will be used as process benchmarks, and what intermediate
outcomes will indicate progress toward long-range aims.
Needed: A Change Agent
Someone needs to be designated specifically
to facilitate the process of systemic change
related to establishing a learning support or
enabling component at a school and for a
family of schools.
Because the process involves significant
organizational change, the individual chosen
has to have the full administrative support and
the skills of a change agent.
We designate this essential change agent as
An Organization Facilitator
Organization Facilitator
A Temporary Change Agent Mechanism
At the School Level
• facilitates establishment of resource-oriented mechanism
(e.g., School-Based Resource Team)
• facilitates initial capacity building
(especially leadership training)
• provides support in implementing initial tasks
(e.g., mapping and analyzing resources)
At the Complex Level
• facilitates establishment of resource-oriented mechanism
(e.g., Complex Resource Council)
• facilitates initial capacity building
• provides support in implementing initial tasks
>mapping
>analyses
>interface with neighborhood resources
Sequence
• focus first on establishing school infrastructure, then complex
infrastructure
• focus first on complex, then each school
• focus simultaneously on establishing infrastructure at schools
and complex
For schools, any systemic changes
to enhance learning supports
must develop
>>a standards-base
>>an accountability framework
Expanding the Framework for School Accountability
Indicators of
positive
Learning and
Development
Benchmark
Indicators of
Progress for
“Getting from
Here to There”
High Standards for
Academics*
(measures of cognitive
achievements, e.g.,
standardized tests of
achievement, portfolio
and other forms of
authentic assessment)
High Standards
for Learning/
Development
Related to Social
& Personal
Functioning*
(measures of social
learning and behavior,
character/ values,
civility, healthy and
safe behavior)
High Standards for Enabling
Learning and Development
by Addressing Barriers**
“Community
Report
Cards”
•
increases in
positive
indicators
•
decreases in
negative
indicators
(measures of effectiveness in
addressing barriers, e.g., increased
attendance, reduced tardies, reduced
misbehavior, less bullying and
sexual harassment, increased family
involvement with child and schooling,
fewer referrals for specialized assistance,
fewer referrals for special education,
fewer pregnancies, fewer suspensions
and dropouts)
*Results of interventions for directly facilitating development and learning.
**Results of interventions for addressing barriers to learning and development.
What the best and wisest parents want
for their own children,
that must the community want for
all its children.
Any other idea . . .
Is narrow and unlovely.
John Dewey
(updated)
Never doubt that a small group
of thoughtful, committed people
can change the world.
Indeed, it is the only thing
that ever has.
Margaret Mead
ABOUT THE CENTER FOR
MENTAL HEALTH IN SCHOOLS at UCLA
The Center, co-directed by Howard Adelman and Linda
Taylor, is one of two national centers funded in part by
the Office of Adolescent Health, Maternal and Child
Health Bureau (Title V, Social Security Act), Health
Resources and Services Administration (Project #U45 MC
00175), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
For an overview of publications and
resources available from the Center,
write c/o Dept. of Psychology, UCLA,
Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563
or call (310) 825-3634 (toll free – 866/846-4843
or use the internet to scan the website:
http://smhp.psych.ucla.edu