Transcript WASH NEEDS ASSESSMENT FOR Hajjah, Amran, Al Hudaydah …

WASH NEEDS ASSESSMENT FOR
Hajjah, Amran, Al Hudaydah and
Raymah
(28 DISTRICTS)
Ahmed AlderwishPhD.
London Uni. , Harvard Uni,
Sana’a University
• OBJECTIVE:
The assignment assesses the situation of
population in regard to WASH conditions,
and addressing the needs of suffering
population (estimated needs), mainly based
on SPHERE/Local Standards with appropriate
recommendations for actions.
The Project Area
METHODOLOGY
• Interviews were conducted at village level, using rapid
assessment (RA) technique with key informants and groups
of villagers. Separate consultations with group of men and
group of women were conducted in order to identify the
location and type of facilities responding best to the needs
of dignity and security of women and men.
(i) Sampling process:
•
An inter-cluster priority rating developed by OCHA in
consultation with the lifesaving sectors like WASH ,
Nutrition, Health and food were used to identify the
targeted areas and population. These areas fall within 28
districts distributed in four governorates, namely: Al
Hudaydah (66), Hajjah (72), Amran (30) and Raymah (30).
• To conduct interviews at a village level, stratified onestage cluster sample was designed for the selection of
198 villages. Each district considered to be a stratum.
In addition, to related the survey to population, the
number of villages per district was used as a basis to
sample each district.
• The sample of villages in each district was drawn using
a probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling. This
means that a denser households village gets a higher
probability of being selected in the sample. Wear's a
random systematic sampling was done after ordering
sub-districts and villages by their codes to ensure
sound representation of the district sample.
(ii) Data Collection
• Undertaken uses a mix of quantitative and
qualitative methods.
• The data are captured in Excel/SPSS in order to
generate various types of reports according to
severity of need.
• Assessment form composes: data sheets
organized into sections, and summary conclusion
sheet reflecting the joint findings of the
assessment team.
• The survey was undertaken over 5 days, between
3 and 8 Oct 2012.
(iii) Data analysis
• The data collation and analysis tool used is
automatically compile the collected data to
produce a summary who- what- where- when
report and an analysis of gaps (i.e. where there
are high levels of need but no agency
responding), in order to make critical
programming and resource allocation decisions.
• These also used to develop maps in order to be
more effectively communicate response and
specific gaps identified.
DESCRIPTION ANALYSIS OF THE SURVEY RESULTS
A. Geography
Terrain of the
site
1. Hilltop
2. Steep slope
3. Mild slope
flat
4. Open
areas/wadi
bottom
Number of sites
Percentage
40
10
37
111
20%
5%
19%
56%
B. Demography and Income
• The rural population at the four governorates is
2.3 million (2012).
• Total number of families reached were 38,150
with total population of 272,000 people.
*(3950 are female headed families).
• 94.9% of all families are below poverty line
which equal 267.5 YR per person per day.
C. WASH borne diseases
Water/Sanitation/Hygiene
Sites with
borne disease
prevailed WASH
borne disease
Diarrhoea
182
Acute water diarrhea
91
Acute
respiratory
133
infections
Malaria
190
Others
60
Percentage
92%
46%
67%
96%
30%
The total affected population by WASH borne
diseases are 88,000 (32%) while death cases
reached more than 2,000 people.
• These figures indicate the need to secure safe water and
proper sanitation facilities for residents, as those account for
most of the deaths of children under five. They also cause
great suffering in both adults and children through diseases
associated with intestinal parasites.
Category
Diseases
children aged less
than 5 years
death
suffering cases
people aged more
than 5 years
Total population
death
death
suffering cases
suffering cases
Diarrhea
acute
diarrhea
respiratory
infection
22053
302
9188
179
31,241
481
4249
240
3132
230
7,381
470
9617
211
8028
241
17,645
452
Malaria
17106
438
15373
296
32,479
734
Total
53025
1191
35721
946
88,746
2137
D. WATER SITUATION
1. Water Sources
• 81.1% of population is served by groundwater from various
sources in forms of boreholes, dug wells and 19% are using
surface water as a source.
• The major reason for scarcity of drinking water sources are:
– depletion of water sources and damage of existing water
supply sources/networks;
– Natural increase in population and displacement of
people
– Absence of water allocation and rights for communities
– Contamination at water sources
– Less coverage of GARWSP due financial constraints
– Climate change
Piped network
4.5%
Public Taps
2.0%
boreholes
7.1%
protected dug well
unprotected dug well
protected spring
4.8% 3.5%
2.3%
1.8%
Unprotected spring
protected harvesting
unprotected harvesting
Tankers
others
2. Existing Water Supply
31.6%
27.8%
8.1%
4.3%
35.0%
30.0%
25.0%
20.0%
15.0%
10.0%
5.0%
0.0%
•
The point to ponder is that 46.5% of the whole
districts' population are getting their drinking
water from unimproved water supply sources.
• Connected people have reported the limited
benefit from the facility of piped water to their
houses, therefore fetching of water is a common
practice in these areas. Also in majority of these
areas GARWSP is providing the services to the
consumers but very less are operational, so
people manage to operate by their own sources
either surface or ground water.
• 28.3% of the total population are using
less than 15 liter/day/person and those
are requiring urgent intervention in their
water supply provision.
• 69.7% of the total population reported
that their water supply is not sufficient
for their households' needs.
• 75.7% of population reported that they failed to
receive water as they need, mainly as their
present source of water pertains the low yield,
intermittent water points (wells and boreholes)
in the project area.
• 17.2% of population reported their water supply
schemes/water points are not working, need
repairs.
• Presence of secondary sources for water supply
at 65% of the sites confirm the inadequacy and
unreliability of main water sources.
• Keeping
in
view
this
situation
recommendations
are
proposed
for
improvement of water supply system based
on utilization of acceptable quantity and
quality of water available in the surveyed
districts. E.g. the existing sources are needed
to be enhanced or new water sources are to
be explored in the project area to fulfill the
basic needs of the residents.
3. Water Quality
• It is observed that 44% of responses reflected drinking water
with bad taste, color and/or smell.
3.0% 1.5%
clean
with color
11.9%
3.8%
with smell
with taste (salty)
with color and smell
with color and taste
23.8%
56.2%
4. Water treatment
• The analysis of the collected data is not very
encouraging as over 70% of respondents did not know
how to treat water prior to drinking and they do not
practice any water treatment techniques.
• The people who practiced some kind of treatment are
only 25.8% of the population. Therefore there is a
need of awareness to the community regarding water
treatment methods at house hold levels and
significance of using good quality water. Further, the
treatment methods may be suggested after detailed
quality tests of available water.
•
4. Water Fetching
50.0%
43.0%
45.0%
38.9%
34.8%
40.0%
33.3%
35.0%
30.0%
20.4%
25.0%
19.6%
20.0%
15.0%
7.4%
2.5%
10.0%
5.0%
0.0%
> 60 minutes
31 - 60 minutes
16 - 30 minutes
< 15 minutes
average time spent in the queue
average time spent travelling to and fro to fetch water
The important aspect to note is that there are such
inhabitants, who have to travel for an hour (>60 minutes)
and even more to fetch drinking water, and this percentage
is the highest percentile of 43% (among time spent to fetch
water). In addition, 20.4% of people spent more than an
hour in queues for water at sources during collection.
The recorded data reveals that the problem of fetching the
water for the population needs urgent action as a large
population of the project area has to fetch the water from a
long distance travelling and long queues. The most affected
by this activity are young children (girls) and women.
5. Water storage:
15,793 families <105 liter whereas 16,167 families> 105 liter
.
60.0%
50.5%
50.0%
40.0%
15.4%
19.9%
14.1%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
more than
105 liter
between 81 - between 41 - less than 40
105 liter
80 liter
liter
Recent published study indicated that:
contamination occurs due to the need for
households to store water in the house instead of
using tap water directly. This need arises from the
shortage of supply, inadequate quantity supplied
or expense. Although payment for consumption
is generally good practice that would be expected
to lead to high community participation in these
schemes, proper tariffs based on affordability
are essential.
E. SANITATION (EXCRETA DISPOSAL SYSTEM AVAILABLE)
• People defecating in open areas, the most
degrading consequence, is practiced by 16,670
families (121,590 people) and is the highest
among all types.
• It is interestingly to see that more rural
Yemenis have access to mobile phone than
toilets (just like African, Indian, etc.).
Percentages:
41.2%
43.7%
45.0%
40.0%
35.0%
30.0%
25.0%
20.0%
13.3%
15.0%
10.0%
0.7%
5.0%
0.0%
In family and
shared family
toilets
In public toilets
In a defined
In the open
and managed
fields
defecation area indiscriminately
• With these percentage (after 50 years since
revolution) if extrapolate, these areas may arrive at
the MDG target sometimes during the 22nd century.
• STILL: The interventions should be focused on
population, who do not have the latrine facility at
all. Promising results have been achieved in an
approach
known
as
community-led
total
sanitation which promotes behavior change through
peer group condemnation of open defecation as an
anti-social habit (One world, 2012).
F. HYGIENE PROMOTION
• Although for all families 28.6% haven’t got soap, it is
very variable per sites.
• 69.5% of families without sanitary goods for women, and
therefore, action is needed to respond to the specific
hygiene need of girls and women by the provision of
female hygiene kits.
• Hands are the main way in transmitting ‘parasitic’
diseases from one person to another. The collected data
shows that 78.6% of families (213,600 people) are not
washing their hands after defection.
25.0%
20.0%
15.0%
20.0%
21.3%10.0%
18.8%
10.4%
10.0%
10.5%
5.0%
0.0%
After
touching
livestock
and
poultries
After
cleaning
and
disposing
the waste
of Child
Before
feeding the
child
Before
cooking
Before
eating
After
defecation
• The poor personnel hygiene of the rural population
is direct results of the absence of promotion
program on sanitation and hygiene. Consequently;
urgent needs for promotion program on sanitation
and hygiene to educate population on the
cleanliness and encourage population to change to
better hygiene practices.
G. SOLID WASTE, DRAINAGE AND VECTOR CONTROL
• Only 13 sites (6.3%) with functioning garbage
disposal facility or designated area of disposal.
• Commonly, there are no drainage for rainwater in
rural settlements in Yemen. In the project areas, 64
sites (32.3%) forms pools of stagnant water within
the settlement area during rain seasons.
• The situation regarding the measures for vector
control are:
Removal of stagnant water
Removable of garbage periodically
-98.20%
-95.60%
Use of mosquito nets ( bed nets) -88.50%
Vector spray
-96.80%
-82.00% -84.00% -86.00% -88.00% -90.00% -92.00% -94.00% -96.00% -98.00% -100.00%
H. SUPPORT ORGANIZATION PRESENCE
Sector
Non Food Items
Organisation(s)
Providing Support
Total number of
sites
CARE
1
WFP
11
UNICEF
1
EU
1
WFP
13
UNICEF
1
CARE
1
WFP
2
Protection
WFP
1
Camp Management
OXFAM
1
Other (specify)
SFD program (cash for 2
work)
Food
Water
Education
I.
RANKING OF NEEDS (Proposed interventions)
Key areas
High prevalence of
diseases
Low income
Less water quantity
Poor water quality
Water storage
shortage
Poor hygiene
practices
Open defecation
Others
# of sites
(male)
Percentage
127
# of sites
(female)
131
147
143
73.2%
125
124
62.9%
77
87
41.4%
58
59
29.5%
113
125
60.1%
101
113
54.0%
0
0
0
65.2%
Detailed information is available in the DRAFT
REPORT which will be circulated soon to you.
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