Transcript Document

The
Wars of
Religion
(1560s-1648)
Civil War
In France
(1562-1598)
The Valois Family:
The Beginning of the End
 Henri II was the last powerful Valois
 Three weak sons followed:
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Francis II
Charles IX
Henri III
 Catherine de Medici controlled the sons:
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Was mother to the boys
Played both sides in the civil war (Politique)
Developed a reputation for cruelty
Catherine de Medici
Francis II & His Wife, Mary
Stuart
The French Civil War
 There were two sides:
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Guise family led Catholics in North
Bourbon family led Huguenots in South
Fighting for the royal inheritance
 Catherine supported the Guises in the
first phase.
 St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
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August 24, 1572
20,000 Huguenots were killed
Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
The French Civil War
 Catherine started supporting the Bourbons.
Catholic
League
CIVIL
WAR
Protestant
Union
 Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League &
becomes Henry IV of France.
 Effects of Civil War:
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France was left divided by religion
Royal power had weakened
Valois family now replaced by Bourbons
Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into
Paris – Peter Paul Reubens
Henry IV of France
 Ended Spanish interference in
France
 Converted to Catholicism :
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Did this to compromise and make
peace
Paris is worth a mass.
This was an example of politique
[the interest of the state comes
first before any religious
considerations]
Fighting for the royal inheritance
 Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598:
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Granted religious rights to
Huguenots
Did not grant religious freedom for
all
Imperial Spain and
Philip II
(r. 1556-1598)
Kagan’s Four Pillars of Spanish
Power
1. New World Riches
1. Incredible wealth from gold and silver mines BUT
Spain never entirely free of debt
2. Increased Population
1. Gap between rich and poor grew immensely;
Spanish peasantry most heavily taxed in all of
Europe
3. Efficient Bureaucracy & Military
1. Lesser nobility = efficient, loyal bureaucratic
machine
4. Supremacy in the Mediterranean
1. Battle of Lepanto, 1571: 1/3 of Turkish fleet sunk or
captured
2. 1580 Philip inherits Portugal & Spanish army
dominates resistance
el Escorial
el Escorial
Revolt in the Netherlands
1568-1648
(a.k.a. The Eighty Years’
War)
Habsburg History
• Charles V (1515-1556)
– Born in Ghent, Belgium in 1500; inherits Low Countries
1515
– Seen as one of their own
• Philip II inherits 1556 – but he is SPANISH! and
CATHOLIC! therefore resented
– Calvinism strong in Netherlands
– Philip – great defender of Catholic faith - tries to root
out Calvinism by force (Spanish Inquisition & Spanish
troops)
Dutch Revolt
• Philip makes his sister Margaret, regent –
Cardinal Granvelle, head councilor
– But Calvinists angry and attack Antwerp: churches,
libraries, statues, altars destroyed
• William of Orange (“the Silent”) & Count of
Egmont
– (German – but has estates in Netherlands) – organizes
Calvinist province leaders against Spanish; war at sea
(Dutch, Danes, Scots & English)
– William changes religion three times for political
reasons to resist oppressive Spanish rule in the
Netherlands – Catholic LutheranCalvinist
Puritan
Duke of Alba
• U6.2 #6
– Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, duke of Alba, who was
appointed captain-general of the Netherlands
The Duke of Alba presiding over the Council of
Troubles
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Calvinist Dutch privateers, known the Sea Beggars, assault the port of Brill in April
1572 during the Netherlands revolt against Spanish domination. The Sea Beggars,
who used their shallow draft boats to effectively control important waterways, were a
significant factor in the success of the Dutch Revolt.
•
"Dutch Revolt." Image. Hulton Archive. World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2010. Web. 12 Sept. 2010.
<http://worldhistory.abc-clio.com/>
Spanish Fury • What was the Spanish Fury, Nov. 4,
1576?
• What was the Pacification of Ghent,
Nov. 8, 1576? To what other treaty can
it be compared?
• Jan. 1577 Union of Brussels = 2 yrs.
Unified Netherlands!
• What was the Perpetual Edict?
• Was the Dutch Revolt over?
Unity broken
• Alex Farnese, Duke of Parma (Margaret’s son) to break
unity in 1579
– William of Orange and friends hold 7 northern provinces –
establish the Union of Utrecht, deny Spanish control
– Southern provinces form Catholic union, Union of Arras, and
accept Spanish control
• Dec. 1580 the Apology (U2.6 #11)
• Dutch Declaration of Independence (1581)
– French duke of Alençon (deposed in 1583)
• July 1584, William of Orange assassinated
– Maurice aided by England and France
Fall of Philip II in the Netherlands
• How did Philip II undermine his own ability to
re-take the Netherlands in the 1580s?
• Elizabeth I, Queen of England – dilemma:
– either help Protestants thereby antagonizing Philip
– or not help, but Spain might invade England if they
gain Netherlands
– so she helps the Dutch secretly – then openly and in
1588 she defeats the Spanish Armada in the English
Channel
The Netherlands
. . . after the revolt
1609 revolt ends –
Union of Utrecht
becomes “United
Provinces” (aka Dutch
Republic) but do not
gain independence from
Spain until 1648 with
the Treaty of Westphalia
(end of 30 Years’ War)
The Spanish Hapsburgs & Europe
(1556)
Philip II consolidated Hapsburg lands
at the end of the 16c.
The Spanish Netherlands:
Union of Utrecht, 1579
The United Provinces still recognized Spanish rule,
but, in 1581, they declared their independence.
The Netherlands (1609)
The Dutch Federation
REGENTS
- provincial level
- held virtually all the power
- strong advocates of local independence
STADHOLDER
- States General representative from each province
- responsible for defense and order
STATES GENERAL
- federal assembly
- foreign affairs (war)
- all issues had to be referred to the local Estates
England (15531603)
The Reign of Mary I
and Elizabeth I
Queen Elizabeth II welcomes Pope Benedict XVI to
Scotland, Sept. 16, 2010 BBC
Queen Mary I, r.1553-1558
• Born 1513, ½ sister of Edward and devout
Catholic; daughter of Catherine of Aragon
U2.7 #1, #2
• 1554 married Philip II of Spain
– Distrust made Catholicism more unpopular
– 300+ “heretics” were burned at the stake, public
mass executions (i.e. Thomas Cranmer, John
Hooper)
– U7.3 #3 - How did being in exile actually make
this group more radical?
• 1558 Mary dies of stomach cancer
– England actually more Protestant than in 1553
Queen Elizabeth I (r. 15581603)
Queen Mary I (r.1553-1558)
Queen Elizabeth I, (r. 1558-1603)
• Born 1533, legitimate child?? – Act of
Succession, 1534 (but Edward rescinds this
act)
– imprisoned by Bloody Mary on charges of
conspiracy
– sexually abused by Catherine Parr’s 4th husband,
Lord Thomas Seymour (also her uncle by
marriage)
• 1558 ascends the throne
Elizabethan Religious
Settlement, 1559-1603 U2.7 #4 & 5
• Re-establishes Church of England (Anglican
Church) w/ aid of Sir William Cecil 1559 reaffirms
the Act of Supremacy (original AoS, 1534)
– Act of Uniformity, 1559 – Book of Common Prayer
(Edward VI)
• broad, ambiguous dogmas that accommodated many believers
• all required to belong BUT those who refused = Puritans
(English Calvinists) & Catholics are mildly tolerated (ignored) as
long as they didn’t threaten “unity of her rule”
– 1563 Thirty–Nine Articles – moderate Protestantism =
official religion within the Church of England
• From left to right are as follows: Philip and Mary with
War, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Elizabeth I with Peace
and Plenty
Catholic & Protestant
Extremists
 English nobles in Ireland adopt 39-Articles
BUT
– native Irish remain Catholic - view the Church of
Ireland as political tool of ruling English class
• Catholic extremists supported by Spain and
France
– U2.7 #6
• Puritans, Presbyterians and
Congregationalists also a problem U2.7 #7
Deterioration of Relations with
Spain U2.7 #8
• 1567, Spain troops under Duke of Alba
occupy Netherlands – is England the next
target?
• 1570 Pope Pius V excommunicates
Elizabeth
• “Sea Beggars” take Brill in the Netherlands
• 1571 Spain defeat Turks in Battle of Lepanto
= English enter defense pact w/ France
• 1570s state-sanctioned piracy against
Spanish begins
• 1585, Treaty of Nonsuch = English soldiers
and cavalry sent to Netherlands
Mary,Queen of Scots (Stuart)
U2.7 #9
Elizabeth I (Tudor)
Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots
• Queen of Scotland, Catholic; heir to English
throne after Elizabeth
• 1568, forced to flee by John Knox’s Calvinists
(Presbyterians)
– also possibly involved with death/murder of first
husband, Lord Darnley
• believed to be involved in several plots to
take throne from Elizabeth
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1571 Ridolfi Plot
1582 Duke of Guise Plot
1583 Throckmorton Plot
1586 Babington Plot
• Feb. 18, 1587 beheaded after 19 years
internment
Defeat of the Spanish Armada,
1588
• Spanish Fleet: led by Duke of Medina-Sidonia - 25,000
Spanish sailors, 130 ships, 123,790 cannonballs
• English fleet: led by Sir Francis Drake - 197 ships–
smaller, more agile (U2.7#10)
Defeat of the Spanish Armada,
1588
• The Spanish Plan: to reach the Netherlands
and pick up the Duke of Parma’s men – get
them across to England for war!
• Problems: Winds vs. them – takes 3 wks to
reach N. Spain, then…
– July 30 – 1st battle – then English follow
the Armada up the Channel
– August 6 – Calais – but Duke of Parma
isn’t ready
• Armada low on water, food, ammunition &
English are preparing an attack to prevent the
rendezvous of the Armada and the Duke’s
army
Defeat of the Spanish Armada,
1588
• August 7 – English attack – with fireships – set
some of the larger Spanish galleys on fire
• By 4pm on Aug 8…
– Spanish face defeat so escape to North Sea --- lose
numerous ships to wind – run aground on cliffs of
Ireland --- tragedy!!!
• By Aug 12 Duke of Medina-Sidonia capitulates
– 15,000-20,000 Spaniards dead – ½ of the navy
– Between 1/3 and ½ of Spanish ships destroyed
• The invincible armada católica is defeated!
• England = new European naval super power
The
Thirty Years
War
(1618-1648)
1618-1648
Characteristics of the Thirty
Years War
 The Holy Roman Empire was the
battleground.
 At the beginning  it was the
Catholics vs. the Protestants.
 At the end  it was Habsburg power
that was threatened.
 Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia
in 1648.
The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622
 Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia.
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The Bohemians hated him.
Ferdinand refused to tolerate Protestants.
Defenestration of Prague May, 1618
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Bohemia named a new king, Frederick II.
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The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622
 Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman
Emperor.
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Frederick II borrowed an army from
Bavaria.
Frederick lost his lands in the fighting.
 The rebellion in Bohemia inspired others.
Bohemian Phase
The Danish Phase: 1625-1629
 Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance.
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Tried to crush Protestant northern Holy
Roman Empire.
Ferdinand II used Albrecht von Wallenstein
for the army.
Wallenstein defeated Protestants in north.
 Edict of Restitution (1629):
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Restored to Catholics all lands lost since 1552.
Deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans,
of their religious and political rights.
 German princes feared Ferdinand  he
fired Wallenstein in effort to calm them.
Danish Phase
Albrecht
von
Wallenstein
The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635
 France & Sweden now get involved.
 Both want to stop Habsburg power.
 Sweden led the charge.
 France provided support.
 “Catholic” Cardinal Richelieu is supporting
German Protestants over German Catholics
 Why? Richelieu cared more about breaking
the Habsburg encirclement of France than
unifying Christianity under the Catholic
Church. Richelieu is a Politique!!!
 Gustavus Adolphus invaded the HR Empire.
 Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein.
 Swedish advance was stopped.
 German princes still feared Ferdinand II.
 Wallenstein assassinated to appease them.
Swedish Phase
Gustavus
Adolphus
The French Phase: 1635-1648
 France & Sweden switched roles.
Richelieu and France go from supporting
the Protestant cause financially to
actively sending troops to fight the
Catholic League
 All countries in Europe now participated.
 This phase was most destructive!
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German towns decimated.
Agriculture collapsed  famine resulted.
8 million dead  1/3 of the population
[from 21 million in 1618 to 13.5 million in
1648]
Caused massive inflation.
Trade was crippled throughout Europe.
Loss of German Lives in 30
Years’ War
The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
 Political Provisions:
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Each Ger. prince became free from any kind of
control by the HR Emperor.
The United Provinces [Dutch Neths.] became
officially independent  so. part remained a
Spanish possession (Belgium today).
Fr. recovered. most of the German-speaking
province of Alsace.
Sweden  got lands in No. Ger. on the Baltic &
Black Sea coasts.
Switzerland became totally independent of the
HR Emperor  Swiss Confederation.
Sweden won a voice in the Diet of the HR Emp.
Brandenburg got important territories on No.
Sea & in central Germany.
The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
 Religious Provisions:
Calvinists would have the same privileges
as the Lutherans had in the Peace of
Augsburg.
 The ruler of each state could determine
its official religion, BUT [except in the
hereditary lands of the Habsburgs], he
must permit freedom of private
worship.
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Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
1688-1700
Nobody Was Happy!
 Many Protestants felt betrayed.
 The pope denounced it.
 Only merit  it ended the fighting in a
war that became intolerable!
 For the next few centuries, this war
was blamed for everything that went
wrong in Central Europe.
What were the
long-range
effects of the
Thirty Years’
War?