The Progressive Era

“Roaring 20’s”

• 20 years of peace and prosperity.

• Industry grows and creates gaps between rich and poor.

• People working in factories become “forgotten people” • Life is changing.

Progressive Movement

• Believed the govt (state, national, local) can fix society.

• 3 major fundamentals: – Govt should fight poverty, reform prisons, ban alcohol, women’s suffrage – Break up monopolies so business doesn’t influence govt – Voters should influence govt

Progressive Movement

•

Muckrakers

the problems in lives of Americans.

write about • Communication is faster, word can spread quickly (i.e. telephone).

• Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle describes awful conditions of meat packing plant in Chicago.

• Meat Inspection Bill passed as a result, requiring clean working conditions.

Progressive Movement: Prison Reform

• 1908 end of convict lease system • The answer to handling prisoners– – chained at the wrists – Black and white striped clothing – Life is bad!

chain gangs

!

• Juvenile court system created in 1915. Youths are now tried as adults.

Progressive Movement: Labor Reforms

• Factories aren’t safe, jobs are dangerous • Over 1,000,000 children under 16 working • 13+ hours a day for a few cents an hour in

sweatshops

(factories with harsh working conditions).

• Protesting=no job! • Ga doesn’t support unions • American Federation of Labor founded – Higher wages, shorter days, better conditions – Columbus Textile Mill strike 898

Progressive Movement: Temperance Movement

• Most successful progressive endeavor.

•

Women’s Christian Temperance Union

(WCTU) forms w/ladies from 17 states.

• Carrie Nation carries a hatchet and a Bible against alcohol.

• Mary Harris Armor speaks against “demon rum.” • Counties decide whether to be “wet” or “dry”

Progressive Movement: Temperance

•

Prohibition

(banning of alcohol) major debate issue.

• Governor Hoke Smith passes prohibition law 1907.

•

18th amendment

prohibits manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol. • 48 states ratify this.

• • • • •

Progressive Movement: Women’s Suffrage

By 1830, women aren’t equal to men anymore.

Group forms at Seneca Falls and later becomes suffrage movement.

Suffragettes (those fighting for women’s rights) encouraged when Wyoming gives women right to vote in 1869.

19 th amendment

passed in 1920 makes it Constitutional law.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dPF0SGh_PQ

Harry Burn: How

one

vote counted!

• 35 states needed to ratify 19 th amendment.

• Tennessee legislator meets and yellow one.

votes “yes”

Harry Burn

wears a red rose, not a • During the second vote, he changes his mind and • This tipped the scales and passes 19 th amendment!

• Ga did not ratify the 19 th amendment

The Gilded Age

• Gilded: covered or highlighted with gold or something of a golden color; having a pleasing or showy appearance that conceals something of little worth.

• “Nouveau rich” are making lots of money.

• Andrew Carnegie in steel industry, James Flood in mining.

• Jekyll Island is rich people’s playground.

McKinley

• Re-elected 1900.

•

September 6, 1901

McKinley goes to Buffalo, NY for a speech. • He reaches out to shake a man’s hand, then he’s shot. • “My wife, be careful how you tell her. Oh, be careful,” he says.

• Sept 14, 1901 McKinley becomes 3 rd president assassinated.

Leon Czolgosz

•

Anarchist

(anti government terrorist).

• Hated all forms of government.

• Son of Polish immigrants.

• Dreamed of killing a world leader, and he chose the American president.

Girl Scouts

• Juliette Gordon Low starts it all.

• Boy Scouts already existed; She makes one for girls.

• 1915

Girls Scouts of America

established headquarters in D.C.

• She didn’t have any children of her own.

1906

• April 18 th earthquake in San Francisco.

• Fires burn for 3 days, 452 die and 225,000 are homeless.

• President Roosevelt wins the Nobel Peace Prize (1 st American to win this).

• Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act were made into law (thanks, Sinclair!).

Georgia Politics

• 1906= election year! Clark Howell vs Hoke Smith • Smith wins. He is a

white supremacist

(believes white race is superior to any other race).

Science and Technology: Communications

• Major developments in science and technology take place during Progressive Era.

• Some of the biggest advancements were in communication (telephone and radio) • January 25 th , 1915 1 st transcontinental phone call between Bell and Watson • Marconi’s wireless telegraph leads to the radio.

Science and Technology: Transportation

• • Theodore Roosevelt finishes Panama Canal in 1914 yards of earth!

– moving over 240 million cubit

Henry Ford

opens a factory and uses the assembly line (moving track or belt) to produce cars faster (93 minutes instead of hours).

• This leads to “mass production” which made cars affordable for the average person.

Science and Technology: Wright Brothers

• Attempts at flight started with Da Vinci in late 1400’s.

• December 17, 1903 Wright brothers successfully put “Flyer” in the air in Kitty Hawk, NC.

• Flight lasts 12 seconds, 3 more attempts are also successful.

Science and Technology: Transportation

• April 14, 1912 Titanic sinks after hitting an iceberg in the North Atlantic. • The ship sunk in 3 hours. 1,500 of 2,227 passengers died.

• The wireless telegraph, invented by Marconi, was used to wire for help.

WWI: Background

• • • War breaks out in Europe in 1914.

–

Archiduke Francis Ferdinand

is assassinated • President

Wilson

says U.S.A. will stay neutral

Central Powers Allied Powers

: Germany and Austria-Hungary : France, Great Britain, and Russia

WWI: Background

• First war fought on a global scale.

• Fought on western and eastern fronts, and in Asia and Africa.

• Western= English channel to Swiss Alps • Eastern= Russia • 13 million dead before the war was over • Major battles: Verdun (970,000 killed), Marne, Ypres, Somme • More people died of Spanish flu than WWI, anywhere from 20-40 million people

WWI: U.S.A. gets involved

• Wilson eventually asks Congress to declare war “to make the world safe for democracy.” – May 1915

Lusitania

sinks, 128 Americans killed.

– March 1917 Germans attack American ships.

–

Zimmerman Telegram

.

WWI: Zimmerman Telegram

• Because the U.S. was neutral, we traded with both sides (“freedom of the seas”).

• German u-boat attacks already pushing the limits with Lusitania.

• British intercept a secret message – Germany’s foreign minister, Zimmerman, encourages Mexico to attack U.S. and promises the Southwest.

• Wilson asks for war after this.

WWI: Georgia

• • • About 100,000 Georgians join the war effort.

Fort Benning-

near Columbus, trains infantry troops, named after Confederate General Henry Benning.

Fort Macpherson-

German submarine crew imprisoned here.

WWI: Georgia

• Textiles mills make fabric for uniforms.

• RR carry arms, ammo, and soldiers.

• Farmers grow more crops/livestock.

• Victory gardens are planted.

• Women volunteer for Red Cross work, knit, sell bonds.

• 3,000 Georgians killed in WWI.

WWI: The End

• War ends on November

11, 1918

• An

armistice

signed —an is agreement to stop fighting.

• Allied Powers are the victors.

If you remember…

• 13 th amendment abolished slavery.

• 14 th amendment guaranteed citizenship.

• 15 th amendment provided right to vote.

• None of these guaranteed equality!

Civil Rights

• Rights of citizens are called

civil rights

.

• • During Reconstruction, racial segregation was a way of life.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

provided equal accommodations for whites and blacks, let blacks serve on juries.

• 1883 this was ruled unconstitutional.

Separate but Equal

• • 1881 Tennessee starts it by segregating railroad cars.

Jim Crow laws

result in separate bathrooms, water fountains, railroad card, waiting rooms, dining areas, and schools.

• These places were NOT equal.

Plessy vs Ferguson

• 1892 Plessy buys a railroad ticket. He is 7/8 white. Plessy protests the constitutionality of the law.

• 7-1 vote upheld the law.

• Leads to more Jim Crow laws and

separate but equal

concept.

• Gave states the right to control social discrimination.

Booker T. Washington

• First named Booker Taliaferro, born into a slave family.

• Changed last name to Washington at school, saying “it made me feel equal to the situation.” • Worked as a teacher and got an education.

• 1876 he discusses Civil Rights at National Education Association.

Tuskegee

• Believed strongly in education and self-help • Believed economic independence for blacks lead to social and political equality.

• Worked at Tuskegee Institute, Alabama.

• Travels to get funds for schools.

Atlanta Compromise

• Sept. 18, 1895 Washington gives

Atlanta Compromise speech

to integrated crowd.

• People love it!

• The speech proposes that blacks and whites help each other.

W.E.B. Duois

• Born on 2/12/1863 when 14 th amendment was passed.

• Teaches in Ohio and Pennsylvania before coming to Atlanta.

• • Wants 10% to receive higher education (“Talented Tenth”)

Lynchings

(illegal hangings, usually by mobs) trouble him

Dubois and Washington

• Disagrees with Booker T. Washington.

• Didn’t believe economic independence and patience was the answer.

• Wanted to be proactive • “Talented Tenth”

Organizations: NAACP

• Niagara Movement joins with white liberals to become

NAACP

(National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) • NAACP works for rights of black Americans • DuBois uses his humorous column “As the Crow Flies” to support protest

Organizations: Back-to-Africa Movement

•

Back-to-Africa movement

disagrees with both DuBois and Washington.

• Small groups return to Liberia to establish colonies.

• Met with death and hardship.

Great Migration

•

Great Migration

between 1916-1930 • Blacks move from rural area to cities looking for jobs • resulted in more blacks in cities • Between 1916-1930 largest population movement —1 million people!

The Great Migration

• Moved from South to North and West.

• Better jobs.

• North offers hope of full citizenships, better healthcare, less segregation.

• Though life improved, still faced prejudice.

Discouraging Voting Rights

•

Grandfather clause

to keep blacks from voting.

tries • Anyone whose grandfather could not vote before 1867 were unable to vote.

•

Poll taxes

(a tax to be able to vote) discourage blacks and some whites from voting.

• Literacy tests also deter potential voters.

Ku Klux Klan

• • Progressive era has many instances of improvements for civil rights.

• Setbacks also occur.

• Remember that people’s attitudes haven’t changed.

KKK

regains momentum.

Leo M. Frank

• August 16, 1915 Leo M. Frank is lynched in Marietta.

• Frank is charged with the murder of Mary Phagan, 14 yr old employee.

• Frank is convicted with little evidence.

• Jim Conley, black janitor at Frank’s job, testifies that Frank is guilty.

Leo M. Frank

• • Governor Slaton changes Frank’s sentence to life in prison.

Anti-Semitic

(anti Jewish) feelings erupt.

• A mob breaks into Frank’s prison cell in Milledgeville.

• They take Frank back to Marietta and hang him.