Transcript Subpart D - Healthcare Safety Info

Preventing slips, trips and falls
Objectives
• List the leading causes of slips, trips and
falls in an office or industrial setting.
• List the leading causes of slips, trips and
falls in a construction setting.
• List the steps in preventing slips, trips and
falls in the workplace.
Definitions
• Slip – To slide involuntarily and lose one's
balance or foothold
• Trip – A stumble or fall, usually at the
same level
• Fall – To lose an upright or erect position
suddenly; this can be to the same level or
a different level
2007 fatalities by accident type
14
14
12
11
10
8
6
5
6
7
4
4
3
2
0
Struck by
O bject
Falls
Caught in, on
or between
O ccupational
Disease
Transportation
Related
Workplace
Violence
O ther
*Current numbers from Jan. 1, 2007, to July 31, 2007
The regulations
• 1910.21 - Definitions
• 1910.22 - General
requirements
• 1910.23 - Guarding floor
and wall openings and
holes
• 1910.24 - Fixed industrial
stairs
• 1910.25 - Portable wood
ladders
• 1910.26 - Portable metal
ladders
• 1910.27 - Fixed ladders
• 1910.28 - Safety
requirements for
scaffolding
• 1910.29 - Manually
propelled mobile ladder
stands and scaffolds
(towers)
• 1910.30 - Other working
surfaces
• 1910 Subpart D Authority for 1910
Subpart D
Office environments
• Floor coverings – such as rugs, mats and carpets –
should be in good repair and lay flat on the floor.
• Close drawers when not in use.
• Securely fasten telephone, computer and extension
cords out of the way.
• Properly store or dispose of boxes, files, papers and
other material that can end up on the floor.
Walking and working surfaces
• Keep aisles and passageways clear and in good
repair with no obstructions across or in aisles
that could create a hazard.
• Mark permanent aisles and passageways
appropriately.
• Where mechanical handling equipment is used,
aisles should be sufficiently wide. Improper aisle
widths coupled with poor housekeeping and
vehicle traffic can cause injury to employees,
damage equipment and material, and can block
emergency pathways.
General requirements
Covers and guardrails
• Provide covers and/or guardrails to protect
workers from the hazards of open pits,
tanks, vats, ditches and the like.
• Protect skylights to prevent workers from
falling through them.
General requirements
Floor loading protection
• Mark load-rating limits on plates and post
conspicuously.
• It is unlawful to place, or cause, or permit
to be placed, on any floor or roof of a
building or other structure, a load greater
than that for which the floor or roof is
approved.
Determining an opening
• Floor hole: An opening measuring less than 12 inches but more
than 1 inch in its smallest dimension – in any floor, platform,
pavement or yard – through which materials but not workers
may fall.
• Floor opening: An opening measuring 12 inches or more in its
smallest dimension – in any floor, platform, pavement or yard –
through which workers may fall.
• Platform: A working space elevated above the surrounding floor
or ground for workers.
• Wall hole: An opening less than 30 inches but more than
1 inch high, of unrestricted width, in any wall or partition.
• Wall opening: An opening at least 30 inches high and 18 inches
wide, in any wall or partition, through which workers may fall.
Protection for floor openings
• Provide standard railings on all exposed sides of
a stairway opening, except at the stairway
entrance.
• For infrequently used stairways, where traffic
across the opening prevents the use of a fixed
standard railing, the guard shall consist of a
hinged floor opening cover of standard strength
and construction along with removable standard
railings on all exposed sides, except at the
stairway entrance.
Protection for floor openings
• A standard railing consists of a top rail, mid rail
and posts. It should have a vertical height of 42
inches nominal from the upper surface of the top
rail to the floor, platform, runway or ramp level.
The nominal height of a mid rail is 21 inches.
• A standard toeboard is 4 inches nominal in
vertical height, with not more than ¼-inch
clearance above floor level.
Protection for floor openings
• Floor openings may be covered rather than
guarded with rails.
• When the floor opening cover is removed:
– Put a temporary guardrail in place, or;
– Station an attendant at the opening to warn
personnel.
• Guard every floor hole into which workers can
accidentally walk by either:
– A standard railing with toeboard, or;
– A floor hole cover of standard strength and
construction.
Protection of open-sided floors
and platforms
• Guard every open-sided floor or platform 4 feet
or more above adjacent floor/ground level by a
standard railing on all open sides.
• Except where there is an entrance to a ramp,
stairway or fixed ladder
• Provide the railing with a toeboard wherever,
beneath the open sides:
– Persons can pass;
– There is moving machinery;
– There is equipment with which falling materials could
create a hazard.
Protection of open-sided floors
and platforms
• Regardless of height, open-sided floors,
walkways, platforms or runways above or
adjacent to dangerous equipment, guard
pickling or galvanizing tanks, degreasing
units and similar hazards with a standard
railing and toeboard.
Stairway railings and guards
• Every flight of stairs with four or more risers will have standard stair
railings or standard handrails.
• On stairways less than 44 inches wide having both sides
enclosed, affix at least one handrail, preferably on the right side
descending.
• On stairways less than 44 inches wide with one open side, affix
at least one stair rail on the open side.
• On stairways less than 44 inches wide having both sides open,
provide two stair rails, one for each side.
• On stairways more than 44 inches wide, but less than 88 inches,
provide one handrail on each enclosed side and one stair rail on
each open side.
• On stairways 88 inches or more in width, provide one handrail on
each enclosed side, one stair rail on each open side and one
intermediate stair rail placed approximately in the middle of the
stairs.
Standard stair railing
• The vertical height will be no more than 34 inches nor less
than 30 inches from the upper surface of the top rail to the
surface of the tread.
• Mount the lengthwise member directly on a wall or partition by
means of brackets attached to the lower side of the handrail
to keep a smooth, unobstructed surface along the top and
both sides of the handrail.
• The supports for the rail will be 3 inches from the wall and be
no more than 8 feet apart.
• The height of handrails will be no more than 34 inches nor
less than 30 inches from the upper surface of the handrail to
the surface of the tread
Fixed industrial stairs
• Provide fixed industrial stairs for access to and from
places of work where operations necessitate regular
travel between levels.
• OSHA requirements include:
– Fixed industrial stairs strong enough to carry five times the
normal anticipated live load;
– At the very minimum, any fixed stairway will safely carry a
moving concentrated load of 1,000 pounds;
– All fixed stairways will have a minimum width of 22 inches;
– Fixed stairs will be installed at angles to the horizontal of
between 30 degrees and 50 degrees;
– Vertical clearance above any stair tread to an overhead
obstruction will be at least 7 feet measured from the leading
edge of the tread.
Inspecting stairs
• Handrails and stair rails
A. Lack of
B. Placement
C. Smoothness of surface
D. Strength
E. Clearance between rail and wall or other object
• Treads:
A. Strength
B. Slip resistance
C. Dimensions
D. Evenness of surface
E. Visibility of leading edge
Inspecting stairs
• Improper/inadequate design, construction or
location of staircases
• Wet, slippery, or damaged walking or grasping
surfaces
• Improper illumination ... there is no general
OSHA standard for illumination levels. Consult
the Illuminating Engineering Society’s
publications for recommendations.
• Poor housekeeping
Use of ladders
• Place ladders with a secure footing, or lash/hold
them in position.
• Extend ladders used to gain access to a roof or
other area at least 3 feet above the point of
support.
• Do not use the top of a regular stepladder as a
step.
• Use both hands when climbing or descending
ladders.
• Never use metal ladders near electrical
equipment.
Use of ladders
• Use the foot of a ladder, where
possible, at such a pitch that the
horizontal distance from the top
support to the foot of the ladder
is one-quarter of the working
length of the ladder (the length
along the ladder between the
foot and the support).
Use of ladders
• Always face the ladder when climbing up
or down.
• Do not splice short ladders together to
make long ladders.
• Never work on ladders placed in the
horizontal position as scaffolds or work
platforms.
Introduction to fall protection
A basic introduction
to fall protection
Fall protection standards in general
industry
• 1910.23: Guarding floor and wall openings and holes
• 1910.66: Powered platforms for building maintenance
• App. A: Guidelines (advisory)
• App. C: Personal fall-arrest system (Section I - mandatory; Sections II
and III - non-mandatory)
• 1910.132: General requirements (personal protective
equipment)
• 1910.269: Electric power generation, transmission and
distribution
• References 1926 subpart M and contains additional
requirements for fall protection
Frequently cited violations
• Failure to protect workers from falls of 6 feet or
more off unprotected sides or edges, e.g. floors
and roofs. (1926.501(b)(1); (b)(10); and (b)(11))
• Failure to protect workers from falling into or
through holes and openings in floors and walls.
(1926.501(b)(4) and (b)(14))
• Failure to provide guardrails on runways and
ramps where workers are exposed to falls of 6
feet or more to a lower level. (1926.501(b)(6))
Work positioning systems
• These systems are designed to hold and
sustain the user at a work location and limit
the free fall to 2 feet or less, as in rebar work
or tree trimming. Below are examples of
typical components of a work positioning
system.
• Body support: Full-body harness
• Connecting component: Chain or web
rebar assembly, rope or web lanyard
• Anchorage connector: Carabiner or snap
hook
• Anchorage: Rebar or support structure
Restraint systems
• These are systems designed to prevent
the user from reaching an area where
free fall could occur so no free fall is
possible, as in leading edge roof work.
Below are elements and examples of
restraint systems.
• Body support: Full-body harness or
body belt
• Connecting component: Rope or web
lanyard
• Anchorage connector: Carabiner, tie-off
adapter, roof anchor
• Anchorage: Beam or support structure
Rescue systems
• These systems are designed to raise or
lower a user to safety in the event of an
emergency, so no free fall is possible (i.e.
confined space work). Below are the four
elements of a rescue system and examples:
• Body support: Full-body harness
• Connecting component: Lifeline (winch,
self-retracting lifeline) and Y-lanyard
• Anchorage connector: Tripod, davit arm
• Anchorage: Support structure or surface
Fall arrest
• These systems are designed to stop a free fall
of up to 6 feet, and limit the maximum forces of
a user to 1,800 pounds or less, as in steel
erection or elevated maintenance work. Below
are the four elements of a fall-arrest system and
examples.
• Body support: Full-body harness
• Connecting component: Shock-absorbing
lanyard, self-retracting lifeline, rope grab
• Anchorage connector: Carabiner, tie-off
adapter, trolley, roof anchor
• Anchorage: Beam or support structure
Suspension system
• These systems support and suspend the user
while being transported up or down vertically
and will not allow a free fall. Below are
elements and examples of suspension
systems.
• Body support: Full-body harness and a
boatswain's chair
• Connecting component: Lifeline (rope,
rescue positioning device) rope or web lanyard
• Anchorage connector: Carabiner, tripod,
davit arm tie-off adapter
• Anchorage: Beam or support structure or
surface
A typical fall-arrest
arrangement
• A typical system consists of:
– An anchorage connector;
– A shock-absorbing lanyard;
– A full-body harness.
• You must attach the
anchorage connector must
to a suitable and strong
attachment point.
Requirements for personal fallarrest system
• Limit maximum arresting force on a worker to 900 pounds (4
KiloNewtons) when used with a body belt.
• Limit maximum arresting force on an employee to 1,800
pounds (8 KiloNewtons) when used with a body harness.
• Be rigged so that an employee can neither free fall more than 6
feet (1.8 meters) nor contact any lower level.
• Bring an employee to a complete stop and limit maximum
deceleration distance an employee travels to 3.5 feet (1.07
meters).
• Have sufficient strength to withstand twice the potential impact
energy of an employee free falling a distance of 6 feet (1.8
meters) or the free fall distance permitted by the system,
whichever is less.
Common pieces of equipment
Shock-absorbing
lanyard
Self-retracting
lifelines
Rope and cable
grabs
Carabiners
Cross-arm
strap
Full-body
harness
Use of body belts
• Effective Jan. 1, 1998, body belts are
prohibited as a fall-arrest device.
• You can use body belts as a positioning
device.
Dee-rings and snap hooks
• Dee-rings and snaphooks must have a minimum
tensile strength of 5,000 pounds (22.2
KiloNewtons).
• Proof-test dee-rings and snaphooks to a
minimum tensile load of 3,600 pounds (16
KiloNewtons) without cracking, breaking or
suffering permanent deformation.
Personal protective equipment
• Proper shoes are a major consideration in many
operations.
• The nature of the walking surface should dictate
the type of footwear needed to increase traction
and reduce the potential for slips, trips and falls.
• Oil, water and other liquids, as well as dusts,
pellets and other small solids may require
special footwear as well as special
housekeeping and engineering design to reduce
the potential for slips, trips and falls.
Additional training
• Extensive training is needed to fully
understand and use much of the fallprotection equipment available.
• A competent person must evaluate work
conditions to ensure safety when working
in elevated locations.
• Most manufacturers provide very
extensive programs in fall protection.
General requirements
housekeeping
• Keep all places of employment, passageways,
storerooms and service rooms clean and orderly, and in
a sanitary condition.
• Maintain the floor of every workroom in a clean and (so
far as possible) dry condition. Where wet processes are
used, maintain drainage and gratings, and provide mats
or raised platforms.
• Keep every floor, working place and passageway free
from protruding nails, splinters, holes or loose boards.
General requirements
housekeeping
• Place equipment needed for housekeeping,
such as mops, absorbents, brooms and trash
containers, in locations where they are
frequently used and kept available.
• All levels of the organization should practice
good housekeeping measures whenever a
condition is noted that could results in a slip,
trip or fall.
Human factors
• Eyesight
• Age
• Balance
• Medications, alcohol and drug effects
Summary
• It is important to properly engineer walking and working
surfaces to avoid the potential for slips, trips and falls.
• Use proper fall-protection systems when working on
elevated surfaces.
• Obtain and use proper personal protective equipment to
reduce the potential for falls.
• Management should implement good housekeeping
practices and ensure its done on a regular basis.
• Train employees in the prevention of slips, trips and falls.
Questions?