ACADEMIC ARTICLES IN ENGLISH

Carolina Correa de Carvalho - [email protected]

José Carlos Redaelli – [email protected]

Prof. Dr. Orlando Fontes Lima Jr. [email protected] LALT-Learning Laboratory on Logistics and Transport Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo Campinas, Brazil November/2012

WHY PUBLISH IN ENGLISH?

•

LINGUA FRANCA of research and scholarship

•

Exchange of Academic knowledge

•

International Reputation and Collaborations

•

Good command of English >> directly related to a Successful Career

Profa. Carmen Dayrell ####

SCIENTIFIC WRITING

“Good scientific writing is not a matter of life and death ; It is much more serious than that.” prevent “Bad writing can and often does or delay the publication of good science.”

How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper - Robert A. Day, Barbara Gastel

PUBLISH IN ENGLISH

LANGUAGE: GOOD QUALITY >> Obvious AND The Internal Structure is what matters

Prof. Gilson L. Volpato

WHAT DO JOURNALS WANT?

•

Original Research >> novel

•

Peer Review

•

Interesting to the journal

•

Active Research Areas

•

Clear and Concise English

McGowan 2012 www.fapesp.br/6848

RESEARCH ENGLISH

•

“Place the responsibility for clarity and understanding on the Writer rather than on the reader ”

•

“Use short sentences with less complicated grammar”

•

“Point more explicitly to ´ gaps ´ or ´ weakness ´ in previous research ”

Swales and Feak 2000 p.16

16 Passos na Redação

00- Clareza sobre o estudo 01- Escolha a Revista 02- Examine a redação e artigos dessa revista 03- Junte toda a informação necessária ESTABLISHING a- Conclusão ( o mínimo possível ) b- Resultados ( apenas os resultados ) c- Metodologia / Procedimentos ( apenas ) d- Discussão ( pois você está no contexto de justificativa ) e- Introdução ( contexto da descoberta ) f- Resumo g- Título 05- Siga o “outline” de cada tópico 06- Escreva com suas próprias palavras (informalmente agora)

16 Passos na Redação (cont.)

07- Retorne à Literatura e substancie o texto 08- Confira o conteúdo de todo o texto 09- Verifique todos os aspectos de estilo 10- Repouse o texto ESTABLISHING 12- Peça crítica de colegas (combine prazo) 13- Faça os ajustes finais 14- Coloque nas normas da revista 15- Submeta imediatamente loop Prof. Volpato Magnusson WE. How to write backwards. Bull Ecol Soc Am 1996;77:88.

OUTRAS ESTRATÉGIAS

Daniel MagGowen EDANZ

Methods

(during the research)

Results

ESTABLISHING

Introduction

(after selecting your target journal)

Discussion Title Abstract

ESTABLISHING

?

QUAL SERIA A MELHOR ESTRATÉGIA

?

CONCLUSION

 Stressing main contributions and implications  Making suggestions for future studies ESTABLISHING  Main findings  Stating limitations of the study  It is based on the Results, but not limited to them ( Prof. Volpato)

• • • Setting the scene Commenting on findings

RESULTS

Brett 1994, Posteguillo 1999, Willias 1999, Bem 2003, Yang & Allison 2003

RESULTS (Examples)

In this section, we introduce our empirical specification, outline six stylized facts about population and employment that are closely related to the predictions of the model, and ESTABLISHING THE TERRITORYies a central role in explaining these stylized facts and the relationship between them.

(Econ) present our baseline

RESULTS (Examples)

Tables and Graphs

Table 1 shows the overall means of parents ESTABLISHING THE TERRITORYies managerial care. (Soc) ´ hours per week spent with children as well as the (unadjusted) percentage of parents who

RESULTS (Examples)

Data reduction considerations

In 2008, buckwheat strips were successfully established in 14 out of 17 sites (Fig. 3 ). Three sites were not included in the analysis o low germination due to flooding or loss to hail. (AgricSC)

RESULTS (Examples)

Methodological procedures

To establish the educational affordances of video games in the content areas of mathematics, science, language learning, physical ESTABLISHING each subject. These subject area discussions, taken as a whole, provide the basis for the pedagogical value of video gaming with respect to achievement. (Educ) we first pinpointed relevant trends within our later conclusions and are used to review

RESULTS (Examples)

Methodological procedures

To examine the effect of anti-inflammatory activities, macrophages ESTABLISHING (FoodEng) structural modifications of flavones in their were stimulated apigenin, luteolin, and hrysoeriol or diluent control for 8 h. with 100

RESULTS (Examples)

The results reported here suggest that the discipline made the right decision even if it was for the wrong reasons. (Econ) Seven patients ESTABLISHING had a higher tumour category at the pathological We find that politics in most countries age is associated with greater anti Americanism and that greater wealth, education, and satisfaction with are all associated with lesser anti-Americanism. (Poli) To our surprise it was found that the TCR values for aligned gradient SWNT-polystyrene films significantly exceeded the TCR value for isotropic gradient films (Table 1). (Chem)

RESULTS (Examples)

• Accordingly, our data indicates that the Jaccard similarity between their tactical repertoires prior to their collaboration was only .09. (Soci) • Mean soil temperatures ESTABLISHING THE TERRITORY March Year 2. (AgriSc) observed in this study were lower than the 30 year average for all application dates except for September Year 1 and • The combination of the FEM and the EPSC model was shown to be an effective approach to simulate the deformation behavior of these multiphase materials. (MatEng)

RESULTS (Examples)

• Among the cases we analyzed… • XX was/were observed…. • The results are summarized in Table 1. ESTABLISHING • Group X showed higher/lower levels of Y than the control grou p.

METHODS

• Data /Materials used • What kind of activity is reported • Apparatus employed (tools, software, machinery,etc.) • Statistical Analysis Swales 2004: 219

METHODS (Examples) -

exercise

• After the image features are detected and matched, the endoscope motion is estimated using the robust technique of Wang et al. [22].

• We used medical-surgical staffing because this represents the majority of hospital nurse staffing and allowed us to use a staffing measure that could be readily and directly evaluated with respect to the requirements of California ´ s mandate.

• To account for variability in the economy and nurse supply (Blegen, Vaughn, and Vojr 2008), we estimated a county-level annual unemployment rate as the percentage of people who were jobless, looking for jobs, or abailable for work, using annual data from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Unemployment Statistics çrogram (US Department of Labor 2010). Swales 2004: 220

METHODS (Examples) -

exercise

• After the image features are detected and matched , the endoscope motion is estimated using the robust technique of Wang et al. [22].

• We used medical-surgical staffing because this represents the majority of ESTABLISHING THE TERRITORYies to use a staffing measure that could be readily and directly evaluated with respect to the requirements of California ´ s mandate.

• To account for variability in the economy and nurse supply (Blegen, Vaughn, and Vojr 2008), we estimated a county-level annual unemployment rate as the percentage of people who were jobless, looking for jobs, or abailable for work, using annual data from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Unemployment Statistics çrogram (US Department of Labor 2010).

Swales 2004: 220

METHODS (Examples)

How Statements such as: “by + verb-ing” • Our experiment directly manipulated the accessibility of the noun ESTABLISHING THE TERRITORY • We prepared the beverage by adding 300mL of boiled water ...

• For our purposes we need to estimate carefully the dependence of the dilatation of the extension in a Whitney cube by using a small amount ...

DISCUSSION

• Interpreting results • Explaining results ESTABLISHING • Evaluating results • Comparing results with literature

DISCUSSION (Examples)

• In the current study, we have shown… • In summary… • To conclude… ESTABLISHING • In demonstrating XX, our findings show that/illustrate that… • Taken together these results suggest… • The above data collectively show… • Our data supports the idea that XX • Our study supports the hypothesis that ZZ • Our study is limited by… • There were some limitations to the current study.

INTRODUCTION

• Establishing the territory  First Sentence  Generalizations about the literature  A real-world phenomenon/fact or standard practice  A problem to be solved or gap to be fulfilled  The purpose of the study  Generalizations about the literature  The topic has been extensively / moderately studied  Studies are still needed  Reporting prior literature  No consensus on the topic  There is a consensus

INTRODUCTION -

Establishing the territory First Sentence

Generalizations about the literature

• Conditions that give rise to collision between two objects that move in ESTABLISHING THE TERRITORY researchers for decades.

• PATH planning for autonomous vehicles such as unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) has received a great deal of attention in recent years .

• Endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery (ESBS) has gained much interest recently over traditional open surgical approaches as a treatment for pathologies involving the skull base and paranasal sinuses.

• The inherent uncertainty in groundwater modeling has been widely recognized in the literature.

INTRODUCTION -

Establishing the territory First Sentence

A real-world phenomenon/fact or standard practice

• Heat events cause significant increases in mortality. ESTABLISHING THE TERRITORY is a feature of much professional training.

INTRODUCTION -

Establishing the territory First Sentence

A problem to be solved or “gap” to be fulfilled

• Water shortages in agriculture present an increasing problem globally.

ESTABLISHING THE TERRITORY is inefficient in the use of resources of light, water and nitrogen and exacerbates problems of lodging and disease.

• National eHealth programs rarely unfold as predicted, especially when carefully planned out in advance.

INTRODUCTION -

Establishing the territory First Sentence

The purpose of the study

• This paper deals with a question regarding tight closure in

INTRODUCTION -

Establishing the territory First Sentence

Generalizations about the literature

(highlighting how much)

• Conditions that give rise to collision between two objects that move in ESTABLISHING THE TERRITORY researchers for decades .

• PATH planning for autonomous vehicles such as unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) has received a great deal of attention in recent years .

• Endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery (ESBS) has gained much interest recently over traditional open surgical approaches as a treatment for pathologies involving the skull base and paranasal sinuses.

• The inherent uncertainty in groundwater modeling has been widely recognized in the literature .

INTRODUCTION -

Reporting Findings of Previous Studies

• This dogma has been challenged by recent findings suggesting ...

• In general, object relative clauses such as (1 more difficult to process ) have been found to be than analogous subject relative clauses ...

• There is considerable debate in the literature about the origins of the formula, what it was designed to do and ...

• These plaques are believed to cause disturbances in cholinergic neurotransmission in the cortex and ...

• The question of whether OPCAB prevents stroke, and other organ dysfunction remains controversial .

INTRODUCTION -

Reporting “Gaps” or “Weaknesses”

• The cellular composition of ... is known to be heterogeneous, but detailed information about the cellular ... is not yet available .

ESTABLISHING THE TERRITORY research remains scarce and the research that does exist tends to be based in the USA ...

• Yet, the existence, relevance and character of resident cardiac progenitors remain ambiguous .

• The border rank made appearances in the literature in the 1980s and early 1990s, but to our knowledge there has not been much progress on the question since then .

INTRODUCTION (Examples)

• We demonstrated previously… • Previous studies have shown that… • We have previously shown that… ESTABLISHING • To determine whether … • The purpose of this study was … • Therefore, we tested the hypothesis … • This report describes experiments designed to determine whether … • Therefore, our first objective in these studies was to determine whether..

• In this study, we sought to extend our observations and specifically test

ABSTRACT

• • • • Background Purpose • • Results / Findings Discussion / Conclusion Implication / Recommendations Hyland 2004: 67, Swales & Feak 2009: 5

ABSTRACT –

Purpose Statement • The objective of this study was to explore … • This study explores … ESTABLISHING • This study aims to explore … • In this paper, we explore … • Our goal is to explore …

ABSTRACT -

Result Statement • • Results/findings as subject :

Our results suggest that

incorporate consumer choice. (econ) comparison friction can be large even when the cost of acquiring information is small and may be relevant for a wide range of public policies that 1st person (we/I) as subject :

We show that

these are necessary to consider when the robot is subjected to out-of plane external loads.

(Eng) • Analysis/method/model as subject : Time series confusionefrustration oscillations.(Educ)

analyses confirmed

the presence of confusionengagement/flow, boredomefrustration, and • Study/Article/paper/work as subject :

The article offers

the effects of law on public health. (HealthP) a logic model of public health law research and a typology of approaches to studying

ABSTRACT -

Result Statement • Passive voice : Signs of tumour regression

were seen

on magnetic resonance imaging in 74 per cent of patients reassessed after RT. (Med) • It pattern ESTABLISHING (Physics) : It was found that the isotropic RF outcoupling of atoms • Statement : Serum concentrations of soluble cytokine receptors (sTNF Rb, sIL-4R, sIL-2Ra, sVEGFR1, and sRAGE) and TNFa expression (gene and protein) in visceral fat did not differ significantly among groups. (FoodEng)

ABSTRACT (Examples)

• Here, we present… • Here, we show… • Here, we report… ESTABLISHING • These results show… • To test whether (past tense), we performed.... • To examine if (past tense) we (past tense) • We used XX to YY. Using this approach, we identified ZZ

TITLE (A GOOD ONE)

• Suggests what the paper is about • Reveals the focus of the paper • It is not too broad

Announcing what has been accomplished:

Short Telomeres are Sufficient to cause the Degenerative Defects Associated with Aging

Raising a question that you intend to address in your paper:

Metropolitan Fragmentation and Health Disparities: Is There a Link?

TITLE - With colon “:”

“xxx first part xxxxxxxxx : yyyyy second part yyyyyyy” • The first part catches the reader ´ s attention • The second part provides specific details, specifies what is addressed and makes reference to the methodology Swales and Feak 2009: 57

•Estimation ... •Verification ...

•Comparison ... •Determination ...

OR •Implementing ...

•Detecting ...

•Determining ...

TITLE – Nouns

vs

Gerund/Verb

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

• Some colleagues • Those who provided the data analyzed in the study ESTABLISHING • Your funding body • The journal ´ s anonymous reviewers

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

• The data reported here have been supplied by the United States Renal Data System. The interpretation and reporting of these data are the responsibility of the authors and in no way should be seen as an official ESTABLISHING • The authors thank Cathy Carroll and Kehe Xie for histological assistance. This research was supported by NSERC of Canada grants to BK and RG and a Norlien Foundation grant to BK. (BioMed)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

• This project was funded in part by a Faculty Research Committee grant from Idaho State University. The authors wish to thank the following people who helped at various stages in this project: Bill Bonk, ESTABLISHING grateful to the participants who took part in their valuable feedback on previous drafts of this manuscript. (Ling) • A social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada grant on the “Global Environmental politics of Eco-Consumerism” provided funding to conduct the research for this article. We would like to thank jennifer Allan, Linda Coady, Sara Elder, Geneviee leBaron, and Kate neville for their feedback on this research. We would also like to thank the two anonymous reviewers for their insightful and helpful comments. (Geog)

ENGLISH LANGUAGE

•How do you start reading an article?

•What do you do when you read an article?

•How do you take notes of what you read?

•How do you know if this article is good for you?

•Do you know the best authors for you? How do you select them?

•Have you ever practised your writing?

•Have you been reading anything in English?

Passive Voice vs Active Voice

“Use the active voice unless your target journal states otherwise”

Springer – Daniel McGowan (2012) source: www.fapesp.br/6848

a)Passive Voice vs b)Active Voice

a) Blood samples were collected from 256 patients.

ESTABLISHING THE TERRITORYies b)  We collected blood from 256 patients.

Springer – Daniel McGowan (2012) source: www.fapesp.br/6848

WHAT IS WRONG?

They wanted some coloured pictures but the organization had only black and white.

ESTABLISHING

IS IT CORRECT?

He is a twenty-year-old student.

ESTABLISHING

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE?

Twenty-four hour reactions Twenty four-hour reactions ESTABLISHING

Thesis Analysis

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE?

Theses Analyses Hypotheses

The data show ...

The data shows ...

ESTABLISHING

DATUM vs DATA

CONSIDERING

Sense of Efficacy requires LEARNING how to handle adversity and MASTERING increasingly tougher challenges through perseverant effort. The new skills are unlikely to be used for long unless they prove useful when they are put into practice.

The students must experience sufficient success using what they have learned to believe in themselves and the value of the new ways.

Bandura, Albert, “Self-Efficacy-The Exercise of Control”, New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, (1997)

FORETHOUGHT

•

Self-Efficacy

•

Intrinsic Interest

•

Outcome Expectation

•

Strategic Planning

•

Goal Setting

ESTABLISHING THE

SELF-REFLECTION

•

Self-evaluation

•

Causal Attributions

•

Levels of Satisfaction

•

Adaptive Inferences REALIZATION

•

Imagery

•

Attention Focusing

•

Task Strategies

•

Metacognitive Monitoring

•

Self-Observation (Self-recording)

ESTABLISHING

SUMMARY

CONCISE ENGLISH – Simple is Best I and WE MATRIX AUTHOR ´ S GUIDE SET PHRASES

ESTABLISHING

BIBLIOGRAPHY