Transcript Document

Names:
Abstract
Methods
Results
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or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject or discipline, and is
often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose.
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various academic disciplines are aimed at compiling a body of
literature for that particular subject.
Describe instruments used, electrochemical reactions, detection
levels, calibration, software, temporal resolution etc.
Engineering lab ach = 35.4 m3/hr, corresponds to ___
room changes per hour (require room volume, divide
35.4 by room volume in m3).
Discuss process of calculating ACH using a cigar and CO monitor.
(Ott et al, 2006).
Max and min levels found.
Discussion
Discuss our findings.
Introduction
1. Differences between instruments. EL CO only measures in
increments of 0.5.
2. Spike of CO when furnace turns on, wood burner vs gas
furnace, cigar measurement etc.
3. ELs problem accurately reading less than 3 ppm CO.
Correlation may be better at higher CO levels.
15
Introduction to the piece.
Why measure carbon monoxide? OSHA/WHO standard.
Discuss amount expected to be found in homes.
Discuss extensions to this study…what to do next.
8
5
Field Sampling
6
0
21:36
Describe the process.
List all locations sampled.
0:00
2:24
4:48
7:12
Time
9:36
12:00
14:24
y = 1.2088x - 2.0735
R² = 0.6487
16:48
Figure 2: Graph comparing Langan T15n (red) to Easy Log
CO (orange).
Easy Log [CO] (ppm)
Discuss sources of CO.
[CO] (ppm)
10
4
2
5
4
ln[CO]
ln[CO] = -35.419t
3
0
0
2
4
Langan [CO] (ppm)
6
8
Figure 4: Correlation between EL and Langan CO monitors
(rounded to nearest whole number.)
2
References
1
[1] http://www.langan.biz , 03/11.
0
0.10
Figure 1: Photo of cigar and air pump apparatus.
Include the instruments in this photo.
0.20
Time (hr)
Figure 3: Graph ACH analysis with slope equation.
0.30
[2] Ott, W., Stenemann, A., and Wallace, L. (2007) Exposure Analysis,
CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL.
List all studies cited.
7 sub sections, in all, keep them brief and to the point.
Brianne M. Cassidy, Mark B. Abbott, & Michael F. Rosenmeier, University of Pittsburgh
Abstract
Methods
A 47.0 cm core was recovered from Panther Hollow Lake, a 94 year old reservoir. The
protected watershed has two small tributaries that feed the pond; both of which lie entirely
within the 456 acre Schenley Park. The core was extruded in the field at a 0.5 cm interval
and the sediments analyzed for a suite of metals using an ICP-AES. Results show initially
high values for lead, arsenic, chromium, nickel, and copper peaking between the 1950(s)
and 1960(s), but each element shows a marked decreasing trend after 1970 when the
steel industry decreased local production. The core also has the potential to provide a
record of the area’s industrial development by serving as a catchment for fly ash. Fly ash
is the particulate matter dispensed by high temperature fossil fuel combustion cells and is
emitted into the atmosphere with other flue gases. It typically includes aluminum,
magnesium, potassium, sodium, calcium, iron, and barium. This work is in progress.
A 47.0 cm sediment core with an intact sediment-water interface was collected from the ice in January of 2003 using a corer fitted with a 7
cm diameter polycarbonate tube. Sediments were extruded in the field into continuous 0.5 cm increments (94 samples) to eliminate
potential disturbance. Sediments consist of uniform olive-brown gyttja with no visible clastic horizons or chemical precipitates. Samples
from each interval were transferred into 7.2 cm3 paleomagnetic cubes and measured for bulk density and mass magnetic susceptibility
using a Bartington MS2B Dual Frequency sensor and MS2 Magnetic Susceptibility meter. Core sub-samples were processed and
analyzed for metals from 94 levels every 0.5 cm. Metals were extracted from 0.5 g of freeze-dried sediment with 1.58 M HNO3 by constant
agitation at room temperature for 24 hours. This weak extraction procedure deliberately targets labile metals adsorbed to organic and
inorganic surfaces, and not those associated with the mineralogy of sediment inorganic constituents. Dilution of 1:10 (extract:DI water) was
required to meet the detection limits of the Spectroflame Modula-EOP ICP-AES that was used for the analyses. The concentration of each
sample was calculated from the mean mg/L of three analyses. Four known samples of concentrations similar to those achieved in the
study were analyzed to assure that there were no interferences due to high concentrations at adjacent wavelengths. Fluxes were
calculated assuming a sedimentary rate of 0.5 cm per year, as Panther Hollow Lake is 94 years old and we recovered a 47.0 cm core that
bottomed on bedrock.
Above: Panther Hollow Lake today. Below left: Industrial Pittsburgh.
Below right: Panther Hollow Lake boathouse circa 1920.
QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
Dry Bulk Density
(g/cm3)
ASTER VNIR (bands 3,2,1 in R,G,B, resp.). Shaded relief image of Schenley Park area created from 10-meter
USGS Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with Digital Raster Graphic (DRG) overlay.
Introduction
Pittsburgh’s industrial history has been mapped through many venues, and this project seeks to add another. It has the
potential to provide a record of the area’s industrial development by serving as a catchment for fly ash. Analyses of
core sediments show the concentrations of metals and fly-ash particulates that were released from the high temperature
fossil fuel combustion and steel production that took place during the city’s steel boom during the late 19th and 20th
centuries.
Pittsburgh is at the hub of three major converging watersheds, the Lower Allegheny, the Lower Monogahela, and the
Upper Ohio. The streams, ponds, lakes, and wetlands of Pittsburgh’s Schenley Park fall into four sub-watersheds.
Phipps Run and Panther Hollow both drain into Panther Hollow Lake, a 94-year-old manmade reservoir. Panther
Hollow Lake drains into the Monongahela River. Schenley Park, which lies entirely within the city, has many bridges,
bridle and pedestrian trails, and a few roads.
Sample Description
#
-bedrock
Pb
ppm
5.26
Cu
ppm
1.94
1
rocky delta
22.79
4.02
2
3
side channel
side channel
upstream
O horizon
A horizon
surface soil
surface soil
surface soil
23.93
84.69
6.84
17.36
122.21
68.35
17.65
88.69
51.04
20.29
16.52
7.26
13.09
5.16
305.94
40.22
4
5
6
7
8
9
sediment
from input
delta
As
ppm
*below
detection
*below
detection
2.44
2.85
V
ppm
7.29
1.81
0.22
1.70
2.96
*below
detection
3.37
10.10
8.33
7.77
9.78
6.72
Magnetic Susceptibility
(SI)
Pb ppm
Cu ppm
As ppm
V ppm
Sr ppm
7.24
6.73
8.82
17.62
Analyses of soils in Panther Hollow’s watershed show that they do not
contain Pb, Cu, As, or V levels as concentrated as those in the lake
sediments.
Dry Bulk Density Magnetic Susceptibility
(g/cm3)
(SI)
Pb flux
(µg/yr cm2)
Cu flux
(µg/yr cm2)
As flux
(µg/yr cm2)
V flux
(µg/yr cm2)
Sr flux
(µg/yr cm2)