Transcript Tropical Deforestation

Environmental Quiz
Most recent update January 26, 2010
The population of the world in 1950 was
2.6 billion. The world population is
currently about:
•
3.4 billion
• 6.8 billion
• 9.3 billion
• 11.5 billion
The population of the world in 1950 was
2.6 billion. The world population is
currently about:
•
3.4 billion
• 6.8 billion
• 9.3 billion
• 11.5 billion
World Population 1850-2010
2010
2000
1990
1980
1970
1960
1950
1940
1930
1920
1910
1900
1890
1880
1870
1860
1850
8
7
6
5
Billions 4
3
2
1
0
Year
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Programs Center, 2010.
The population of the world is currently
increasing at a rate of about 8,600 people
per:
•
month
• week
• day
• hour
The population of the world is currently
increasing at a rate of about 8,600 people
per:
•
month
• week
• day
• hour
Rate of Population Increase - 2010
Time Unit
Year
Population Increase
75,395,378
Month
6,282,948
Week
1,445,941
Day
Hour
Minute
Second
206,563
8,607
143
2.4
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Division, 2010.
The estimated world population in the
year 2050 is about:
•
3.4 billion
• 6.2 billion
• 9.3 billion
• 11.5 billion
The estimated world population in the
year 2050 is about:
•
3.4 billion
• 6.2 billion
• 9.3 billion
• 11.5 billion
World Population 1850-2050
(Medium Projection of Growth Assumed After 2000)
10
9
8
7
6
Billions 5
4
3
2
1
0
50
8
1
70
8
1
90
8
1
10
9
1
30
9
1
50
70
9
9
1
1
Year
90
9
1
10
0
2
30
0
2
50
0
2
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Programs Center, 2010.
The population of the United States
in 1960 was 181 million. The U.S.
population is currently about:
•
•
•
•
187 million
220 million
308 million
459 million
The population of the United States
in 1960 was 181 million. The U.S.
population is currently about:
•
•
•
•
187 million
220 million
308 million
459 million
True (T) or False (F):
United States population growth is near
zero, with the population expected to
stabilize by about 2025.
True (T) or False (F):
United States population growth is near
zero, with the population expected to
stabilize by about 2025.
Growth of U.S. Population,
1776- 2100
600
500
400
300
200
Projection
100
History
0
80 800 820 840 860 880 900 920 940 960 980 000 020 040 060 080 100
7
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division (2010)
True (T) or False (F). Assuming a growth
rate of 5% annually, the population of the
United States would surpass the current
population of China by 2040.
True (T) or False (F). Assuming a growth
rate of 5% annually, the population of the
United States would surpass the current
population of China by 2040.
At a 5% annual growth
rate the U.S. population
would quadruple in only
28 years, bringing the
number of U.S. residents
to over 1.2 billion.
If the U.S. population were to continue
its current rate of growth for the next
700 years, the population would
increase to over 315 billion! (The
current world population is 6.8
billion).
True (T) or False (F):
The United States is a net exporter of
most raw materials used by industry
today.
True (T) or False (F):
The United States is a net exporter of
most raw materials used by industry
today.
Due in part to domestic environmental
concerns, the U.S. is a net importer of
most categories of raw materials used
to support our economy and lifestyle.
 Most metals
 Portland and masonry cement
 Petroleum (the basis for plastics)
 Wood and wood products
Net U.S. Imports of Selected Materials as a
Percent of Apparent Consumption - 2008, and
by Major Foreign Sources
Material
% Imported
Niobium
100
Manganese
100
Graphite
100
Strontium
100
Bauxite/Alumina
100
Fluorspar
100
Yttrium
100
Thallium
100
Rubidium
100
Asbestos
100
Quartz (crystal)
100
Thorium
100
Tantalum
100
Principal Foreign Sources (2004-07)
Brazil, Canada, Estonia
S. Africa, Gabon, China, Australia
China, Mexico, Canada, Brazil
Mexico, Germany
Jamaica, Guinea, Brazil, Australia
China, Mexico, S. Africa, Mongolia
China, Japan, France
Russia, Netherlands, Belgium
Canada
Canada
China, Japan, Russia
UK, France
Australia, China, Brazil, Japan
Net U.S. Imports of Selected Materials as a
Percent of Apparent Consumption - 2008, and
by Major Foreign Sources
Material
% Imported
Arsenic (trioxide)
100
Indium
100
Rare earth metals
100
Cesium
100
Vanadium
100
Gallium
99
Gemstones
99
Bismuth
97
Diamond (industrial) 92
Platinum Group
91
Stone (dimension)
89
Rhenium
87
Antimony
86
Principal Foreign Sources (2004-07)
China, Morocco, Hong Kong, Mexico
China, Japan, Canada, Belgium
China, France, Japan, Russia
Canada
Czech Rep., Swaziland, Canada, S. Korea
China, Ukraine, Germany, Canada
Israel, India, Belgium, S. Africa
Belgium, Mexico, UK, China
Botwsana, S. Africa, Nambia, Ireland
S. Africa, Germany, UK, Canada
Italy, Brazil, Turkey, China
Chile, Germany, Netherlands
China, Mexico, Belgium
Net U.S. Imports of Selected Materials as a
Percent of Apparent Consumption - 2008, and
by Major Foreign Sources
Material
% Imported
Mica (natural)
86
Germanium
85
Cobalt
81
Potash
81
Tin
80
Barium (Barite)
79
Titanium concentrates
77
Iodine
74
Zinc
73
Palladium
72
Tungsten
61
Silver
60
Peat
58
Principal Foreign Sources (2004-07)
China, India, Belgium, Brazil
Belgium, Canada, Germany, China
Norway, Russia, China, Canada
Canada, Belarus, Russia, Germany
Peru, Bolivia, China, Indonesia
China, India
S. Africa, Australia, Canada, Ukraine
Chile, Japan, Russia
Canada, Peru, Mexico, Ireland
Russia, S. Africa, UK, Belgium
China, Germany, Canada, Bolivia
Mexico, Canada, Peru, Chile
Canada
Net U.S. Imports of Selected Materials as a
Percent of Apparent Consumption - 2008, and
by Major Foreign Sources
Material
Petroleum
% Imported
57
Diamond (indust)
Silicon
Chromium
Titanium (sponge)
Magnesium Cpds
Lithium
Magnesium Metal
Nitrogen (fixed)
Garnet (industrial)
Vermiculite
Nickel
Copper
56
60
54
54
52
>50
50
48
40
35
33
32
Principal Foreign Sources (2004-07)
Canada, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela,
Nigeria, Mexico
China, Ireland, Russia, S. Korea
China, Russia, Venezuela, Canada
S. Africa, Kazakhstan, Russia, Zimbabwe
Kazakhstan, Japan, Russia
China, Canada, Austria, Australia
Chile, Argentina
Canada, Russia, Israel, China
Trinidad and Tobago, Canada, Russia
Australia, India, China, Canada
S. Africa, China
Canada, Russia, Norway, Australia
Chile, Canada, Peru, Mexico
Net U.S. Imports of Selected Materials as a
Percent of Apparent Consumption - 2008, and
by Major Foreign Sources
Material
Lumber (softwood)
% Imported
29
Sulfur
Gypsum
Perlite
Salt
Mica (scrap/flake)
Cement (Portland/msry)
Phosphate rock
Iron and steel
Pumice
Lime
Stone (crushed)
26
27
19
17
16
12
9
8
6
1
1
Principal Foreign Sources (2004-07)
Canada, Germany, Chile, Brazil, New
Zealand
Canada, Mexico, Venezuela
Canada, Mexico, Spain, Dominican Rep
Greece
Canada, Chile, The Bahamas, Mexico
Canada, China, India, Finland
Canada, China, Thailand, S. Korea
Morocco
Canada, EU, Mexico, Brazil
Greece, Italy, Turkey, Mexico
Canada, Mexico
Canada, Mexico, The Bahamas
Also significant import dependency for Leather, Natural Rubber, Wool.
True (T) or False (F):
The raw material that is used in the
greatest quantity in the U.S. today, and
which accounts for almost one-third (by
weight) of the total raw materials used
annually is steel.
True (T) or False (F):
The raw material that is used in the
greatest quantity in the U.S. today, and
which accounts for almost one-third (by
weight) of the total raw materials used
annually is steel.
Annual U.S. Consumption of
Various Raw Materials, 2007
Million
Metric tons
Roundwood
210
Industrial roundwood*
188
Cement
115
Steel
110
Plastics
45.7
Aluminum
5.3
Million m3
473
427
104
139
40.3
1.9
* Roundwood is the volume of all wood harvested. Industrial roundwood is
the volume of wood used in making forest products; the difference is firewood.
Source: Data for wood from USFS (2008); for cement, steel, and aluminum from the U.S.
Geological Survey (2008); and for plastics from the American Plastics Council (2008).
In fact, more wood is used in the U.S.
every year than all metals and all
plastics combined!
True (T) or False (F):
Consumption of mineral resources
globally has increased sharply
over the past 30years.
True (T) or False (F):
Consumption of mineral resources
globally has increased sharply
over the past 30years.
True (T) or False (F):
Energy consumption per capita
(per person) in the United
States is twice that of the
European Union.
True (T) or False (F):
Energy consumption per capita
(per person) in the United
States is twice that of the
European Union.
Per Capita Energy Consumption in the
U.S. and the E.U. Countries, 2008
Energy Consumption
(kilograms of oil equivalent per person)
United States
Finland (EU highest)
France
Germany
UK
E.U. Average
7885.9
6555.0
4396.8
4187.0
3894.6
3773.4
The number one cause of tropical
deforestation worldwide is:
• commercial logging.
• wildfire.
• clearing of lands for
agricultural use.
• gathering of firewood.
• building of roads and cities.
The number one cause of tropical
deforestation worldwide is:
• commercial logging.
• wildfire.
• clearing of lands for
agricultural use.
• gathering of firewood.
• building of roads and cities.
Various estimates indicate that 60 to 85% of
tropical deforestation today is due to permanent
and shifting agriculture.
The area covered by forests in the U.S.
today is approximately ____ of the
forested area that existed in 1600.
•
•
•
•
72 percent
50 percent
33 percent
17 percent
The area covered by forests in the U.S.
today is approximately ____ of the
forested area that existed in 1600.
•
•
•
•
72 percent
50 percent
33 percent
17 percent
Forests now cover 72% of the land area in
the U.S. that they did at the time of
European settlement
1600
2007
Forest 1,100
million
acres
Source: USDA - Forest Service
Forest 751
million
acres
True (T) or False (F). The geographic
area that encompasses the United States
today has about the same forest coverage
as the same geographic area did in 1907.
True (T) or False (F). The geographic
area that encompasses the United States
today has about the same forest coverage
as the same geographic area did in 1907.
Forest Area in the United States
1630-2007
1200
1045
Thousand Acres
1000
800
759
760
756
761
744
738
747
749
751
1907
1938
1953
1963
1977
1987
1997
2002
2007
600
400
200
0
1630
Source: USDA-Forest Service, General Technical Report WO-78. (2009).
True (T) or False (F). Growing trees
capture carbon dioxide from the air and
release oxygen.
True (T) or False (F). Growing trees
capture carbon dioxide from the air and
release oxygen.
CO2
O2
Carbon
Which of the following statements most
accurately describes U.S. forests:
•
•
•
•
•
Forest harvest exceeds growth by 20 percent.
Forest harvest exceeds growth by 5 percent.
Forest harvest roughly equals growth.
Forest growth exceeds harvest by 29 percent.
Forest growth exceeds harvest by 72 percent.
Which of the following statements most
accurately describes U.S. forests:
•
•
•
•
•
Forest harvest exceeds growth by 20 percent.
Forest harvest exceeds growth by 5 percent.
Forest harvest roughly equals growth.
Forest growth exceeds harvest by 29 percent.
Forest growth exceeds harvest by 72 percent.
Net Growth/Removals Ratios – U.S.,
1952-2006
2.5
When net forest growth divided by
removals = 1.0, timber inventories are
neither expanding or declining.
2
1.5
Hardwoods
Softwoods
All Species
1
0.5
0
1952
1962
1976
1986
1991
1996
2001
2006
Source: Smith, et al., 2004; USDA-Forest Service, General Technical Report WO-78. (2009).
Growth/Removals Ratios – U.S.,
1952-2006
Year
1952
1962
1970
1976
1986
1991
1996
2001
2006
Softwoods
1.00
1.25
1.23
1.25
1.19
1.15
1.33
1.33
1.55
Hardwoods
1.50
1.65
2.01
2.25
1.92
1.75
1.71
1.71
2.03
Total
1.17
1.55
1.48
1.54
1.42
1.33
1.47
1.47
1.72
Source: Smith, et al., 2004; USDA-Forest Service, General Technical Report WO-78. (2009).
True (T) or False (F):
As originally established, it was never
intended that the National Forests of the
U.S. would be periodically harvested to
obtain timber that would be used in
meeting the nation’s need for wood.
True (T) or False (F):
As originally established, it was never
intended that the National Forests of the
U.S. would be periodically harvested to
obtain timber that would be used in
meeting the nation’s need for wood.
True (T) or False (F). At current rates of
deforestation, forty (40) percent of current
forests in the U.S. will be lost by the
middle of this century.
True (T) or False (F). At current rates of
deforestation, forty (40) percent of current
forests in the U.S. will be lost by the
middle of this century.
In fact, the area
covered by forests in
the U.S. is increasing.
True (T) or False (F):
In the U.S. and globally, more species of
plants and animals have been driven to
extinction by logging activity than any
other activity of mankind.
True (T) or False (F):
In the U.S. and globally, more species of
plants and animals have been driven to
extinction by logging activity than any
other activity of mankind.
There is no evidence that even one
plant or animal species has been
driven to extinction as a result of
logging activity in the United States.
True (T) or False (F). Under current
United States law, forest harvesting is
allowed in federally designated wilderness
areas.
True (T) or False (F). Under current
United States law, forest harvesting is
allowed in federally designated wilderness
areas.
No harvesting is
allowed in wilderness
areas
True (T) or False (F). Populations of
elk, pronghorn antelope, and wild turkey
have declined significantly in the U.S.
over the past 60 years.
True (T) or False (F). Populations of
elk, pronghorn antelope, and wild turkey
have declined significantly in the U.S.
over the past 60 years.
In fact, populations of each of
these species within the U.S.
have increased by at least 800
to 1,000 percent over the past
50 years.
T rends in U .S . E lk P opulations
1 9 3 0-1 9 9 0
T rends in U .S . W ild T urkey P opulations
1 9 0 0-1 9 9 0
600
450
400
500
M illion s
300
200
300
250
200
150
100
100
50
0
1930
0
1940
1950
1960
1970
Y ear
1980
1990
1900
1910
1920
1930
T rends in U .S . P ronghorn P opulations
1 9 1 0-1 9 9 0
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
Y ear
S ource: M acC leery, 1992
(T h ou san d s )
(T h ou san d s )
350
400
1940
1950
Y ear
1960
1970
1980
1990
S ource: M acC leery, 1992
1960
1970
1980
1990
S ource: M acC leery, 1992
True (T) or False (F):
Considering the total annual harvest
of forests in the United States and
the total consumption of wood and
fiber products within our country,
the U.S. is a net importer of wood
and wood products.
True (T) or False (F):
Considering the total annual harvest
of forests in the United States and
the total consumption of wood and
fiber products within our country,
the U.S. is a net importer of wood
and wood products.
The United States is a Net Importer
of Wood and Wood Products
Net U.S. imports of
wood and wood
products amounted
to 15-20 percent of
total wood
consumption and
29 percent of
construction
lumber consumed
in 2008.
When waste paper exports are
included in the net import
calculation, the U.S. net import
figure for wood and wood
products drops to 2-3 percent.
As a percentage of all the paper used in
the United States in 2008 _____ was
recovered for reuse.
• 14 percent
• 36 percent
• 57 percent
• 92 percent
As a percentage of all the paper used in
the United States in 2008 _____ was
recovered for reuse.
• 14 percent
• 36 percent
• 57 percent
• 92 percent
Recovered paper provided _____ of the
U.S. paper industry’s fiber in 2008.
• 12 percent
• 34 percent
• 51 percent
• 86 percent
Recovered paper provided _____ of the
U.S. paper industry’s fiber in 2008.
• 12 percent
• 34 percent
• 51 percent
• 86 percent
True (T) or False (F). More extensive
recycling of paper could reduce harvesting
of forests in the U.S. by 60 percent or
more.
True (T) or False (F). More extensive
recycling of paper could reduce harvesting
of forests in the U.S. by 60 percent or
more.
Were paper recycling in the U.S. to go
to the limit of technology worldwide
the domestic timber harvest could be
reduced by about 12-13%.
True (T) or False (F). The manufacture
of wood construction materials generally
results in far lower environmental impacts
than when similar construction materials
are manufactured from steel, aluminum,
plastic, or concrete.
True (T) or False (F). The manufacture
of wood construction materials generally
results in far lower environmental impacts
than when similar construction materials
are manufactured from steel, aluminum,
plastic, or concrete.
At a time when Society is seeking to more
effectively harness solar energy, it turns out
that one of our major raw materials – wood –
is totally produced using solar energy.
And, very little additional energy is required
to convert wood into useful products.
The manufacture and use of all
construction materials results in
environmental impacts. The
impacts, however, differ
considerably.
If, for example, an interior
wall of a house is constructed
using steel rather than wood
studs, the result is a large
increase in energy
consumption and emissions to
air and water.
Interior Non-Load Bearing Wall,
Wood vs. Steel
Comparative Energy Use (GJ)
Wood
3.8
Steel*
11.5
Difference
3.0X
* 30% recycled content.
Source: Athena Sustainable Materials Institute, 1993.
Comparative Emissions in Manufacturing
Wood vs. Steel-Framed Interior Wall
Emission/Effluent
CO2 (kg)
CO (g)
SOX (g)
NOX (g)
Particulates (g)
VOCs (g)
Methane (g)
Wood Wall
,305
2,450
400
1,150
100
390
,4 ,
Steel Wall
965
11,800
3,700
1,800
335
1,800
45
Difference
3.2X
4.8X
9.3X
1.6X
3.4X
4.6X
11.1X
Source: Athena Sustainable Materials Institute, 1993.
Comparative Effluents in Manufacturing
Wood vs. Steel-Framed Interior Wall
Emission/Effluent
Wood Wall
Suspended solids (g)
12,180
Non-ferrous metals (mg)
62
Cyanide (mg)
99
Phenols (mg)
17,715
Ammonia (mg)
1,310
Halogenated
organics (mg)
507
Oil and grease (mg)
1,421
Sulphides (mg)
13
Steel Wall Difference
495,640
41X
2,532
41X
4,051
41X
725,994
41X
53,665
41X
20,758
58,222
507
Source: Athena Sustainable Materials Institute, 1993.
41X
41X
39X