Transcript Chapter 2: Chemistry, Matter, and Life

Chapter 6:
The Skeleton:
Bones and Joints
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Overview
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Key Terms
amphiarthrosis
epiphysis
periosteum
articulation
bursa
circumduction
diarthrosis
extremity
fontanel
joint
marrow
resorption
skeleton
synarthrosis
synovial
diaphysis
endosteum
osteoblast
osteoclast
osteocyte
osteon
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
The Skeleton
• The skeletal system is made up of bones, joints,
and supporting connective tissue.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Figure 6-1 The skeleton.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Bones
Learning Outcomes
1. List the functions of bones.
2. Describe the structure of a long
bone.
3. Differentiate between compact
bone and spongy bone with
respect to structure and location.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Bones
Bone Functions
• Act as a framework for body
• Protect delicate structures
– Examples: Brain and spinal cord
• Work as levers to produce movement
• Store calcium
• Produce blood cells
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Bones
Bone Structure
• Diaphysis
• Marrow
– Red
– Yellow
• Membranes
– Periosteum
– Endosteum
• Tissues
– Compact
– Spongy
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Figure 6-2
The structure of a long bone.
What are the membranes on
the outside and the inside of
a long bone called?
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Figure 6-3 Bone tissue.
What cells
are located
in the spaces
of compact bone?
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Bones
Learning Outcomes
4. Name the three different types of
cells in bone and describe the
functions of each.
5. Explain how a long bone grows.
6. Name and describe various
markings found on bones.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Bones
Checkpoints
6-1
What are the scientific names for the shaft and
the ends of a long bone?
6-2
What are the two types of osseous (bone) tissue
and where is each type found?
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Bones
Pop Quiz
Which protein makes up a major component of bone
matrix?
A) Keratin
B) Collagen
C) Melanin
D) Calcium
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Bones
Pop Quiz Answer
Which protein makes up a major component of bone
matrix?
A) Keratin
B) Collagen
C) Melanin
D) Calcium
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Bones
Bone Growth, Maintenance, and Repair
• Long bone formation
– Epiphyseal plates
• Bone resorption
– Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue.
• Types of bone cells
– Osteocytes maintain and repair the existing bone
matrix.
– Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue.
• Ossification is conversion of cartilage to bone.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Bones
Bone Growth, Maintenance, and Repair
• Long bone Growth
– Ossification is conversion of cartilage to bone.
• Cartilage begins to turn into bone.
• Epiphyseal plates develop across bone ends.
• Bones continue to lengthen.
• Bones stop lengthening.
• Bone resorption and formation continues.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Bones
Bone Resorption
• Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Bones
Bone Markings
Projections
Depressions or Holes
Head
Foramen
Process
Sinus
Condyle
Fossa
Crest
Meatus
Spine
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Figure 6-4 Sinuses.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Bones
Checkpoints
6-3
What are the three types of cells found in bone
and what is the role of each?
6-4
What compounds are deposited in the intercellular
matrix of the embryonic skeleton to harden it?
6-5
What are the centers for secondary growth of a
long bone called?
6-6
What are some functions of bone markings?
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Bones of the Axial Skeleton
Learning Outcomes
7. Name, locate, and describe the
bones in the axial skeleton.
8. Describe the normal curves of the
spine and explain their purpose.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Bones of the Axial Skeleton
• Two main groups of bones:
– Axial skeleton—80 bones of the head and trunk
– Appendicular skeleton—126 bones of the extremities
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Bones of the Axial Skeleton
Framework of the Skull
Bone
Description
Cranial bones
Frontal
• Single bone forming forehead
bone
• Contains frontal sinuses
Parietal
• Paired bones forming most of top and sides of
bones
cranium
Temporal • Paired bones forming part of side and base of
bones
skull
• Each bone has a bony prominence behind the
ears that is called a mastoid process.
• Each mastoid process contains mastoid sinus
Ethmoid • Single bone located between eye orbits forming
bone
superior part of nasal septum
• Contains ethmoid sinus
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Bones of the Axial Skeleton
Framework of the Skull
Bone
Description
Cranial bones (continued)
Sphenoid • Single bone forming the skull base anterior to the
bone
temporal bones
• Contains sphenoid sinus
• Contains depression called sella turcica for
housing the pituitary gland
Occipital • Single bone forming the posterior skull and base
bone
• Contains foramen magnum for passage of spinal
cord
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Bones of the Axial Skeleton
Framework of the Skull
Bone
Description
Facial bones
Mandible
Single bone forming the lower jaw
Maxillae
Paired bones forming the upper jaw and anterior
hard palate
Each bone contains a maxillary sinus
Zygomatic Paired bones forming the “cheek bones”
bones
Nasal
Paired bones forming the bridge of the nose
bones
Lacrimal
Paired bones forming parts of anterior eye orbit
bones
Vomer
Single bone forming inferior part of nasal septum
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Bones of the Axial Skeleton
Framework of the Skull
Bone
Description
Facial bones (continued)
Palatine
Paired bones forming posterior hard palate
bones
Inferior
Paired bones located along lateral walls of nasal
nasal
cavities
conchae
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Bones of the Axial Skeleton
Framework of the Skull
• Other bones
– Ear ossicles
– Hyoid bone
• Sutures
– Coronal suture
– Squamous sutures
– Lambdoid suture
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Figure 6-5 The skull.
What type of joint
is between the bones
of the skull?
What two bones make
up each side of the
hard palate?
What is a foramen?
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Figure 6-6
The skull, sagittal section.
What bone makes up the
superior and middle conchae?
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Figure 6-7 Infant skull,
showing fontanels.
Which is the largest fontanel?
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Bones of the Axial Skeleton
Framework of the Trunk
• Vertebral column
– Cervical vertebrae
– Thoracic vertebrae
– Lumbar vertebrae
– Sacral vertebrae (sacrum)
– Coccygeal vertebrae (coccyx)
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Figure 6-8 Vertebral column,
left lateral view.
From an anterior view,
which group(s) of vertebrae
form a convex curve?
Which group(s) form a
concave curve?
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Figure 6-9 The vertebral column and vertebrae.
Which vertebrae
are the largest
and heaviest?
Why?
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Figure 6-10
The first two cervical vertebrae.
What is missing in these
two vertebrae that is present
in all other vertebrae?
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Bones of the Axial Skeleton
Framework of the Trunk
• Thorax
– Sternum
– Ribs
• True ribs
• False ribs
– Manubrium
– Clavicular notch
– Sternal angle
– Xiphoid process
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Figure 6-11 Bones of the thorax, anterior view.
To what bones
do the costal
cartilages attach?
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Bones of the Axial Skeleton
Checkpoints
6-7
What bones make up the skeleton of the trunk?
6-8
What are the five regions of the vertebral column?
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Bones of the Axial Skeleton
Pop Quiz
Which bone forms the back and part of the base of the
skull?
A) Parietal bone
B) Temporal bone
C) Occipital bone
D) Sphenoid bone
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Bones of the Axial Skeleton
Pop Quiz Answer
Which bone forms the back and part of the base of the
skull?
A) Parietal bone
B) Temporal bone
C) Occipital bone
D) Sphenoid bone
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Bones of the Appendicular
Skeleton
Learning Outcome
9. Name, locate, and describe
the bones in the appendicular
skeleton.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Bones of the Appendicular
Skeleton
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Figure 6-12 The shoulder girdle.
What does the prefix supra mean? What does the prefix infra mean?
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Figure 6-13 Bones of the upper extremity.
What is the medial bone of the forearm?
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Figure 6-14 Movements of the forearm.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Figure 6-15 Left elbow, lateral view.
What part of what bone forms the bony prominence of the elbow?
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Figure 6-16 Bones of the right hand, anterior view.
How many phalanges
are there on each hand?
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Figure 6-17 The pelvic bones.
What bone is nicknamed the “sit bone”?
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Figure 6-18 Comparison of male and female pelvis,
anterior view.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Figure 6-19 Bones of the lower extremity.
What is the lateral bone of the leg? Which bone of the leg is weight bearing?
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Figure 6-20 Bones of the right foot.
Which tarsal bone
is the heel bone?
Which tarsal bone forms
a joint with the tibia?
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton
Checkpoint
6-9
What division of the skeleton consists of the bones
of the shoulder girdle, hip, and extremities?
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Bones of the Appendicular
Skeleton
Pop Quiz
Which of the following bones is found in the shoulder
girdle?
A) Sternum
B) Humerus
C) Scapula
D) Ulna
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Bones of the Appendicular
Skeleton
Pop Quiz Answer
Which of the following bones is found in the shoulder
girdle?
A) Sternum
B) Humerus
C) Scapula
D) Ulna
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Joints
Learning Outcomes
10. Describe three types of joints
and give examples of each.
11. Demonstrate six types of
movement that occur at synovial
joints.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Joints
Material Between
the Bones
Type
Movement
Fibrous
Immovable
(synarthrosis)
Cartilaginous
Slightly movable No joint cavity;
(amphiarthrosis) cartilage between
bones
Pubic
symphysis;
between
vertebral
bodies
Synovial
Freely movable
(diarthrosis)
Gliding,
hinge, pivot,
condyloid,
saddle, balland-socket
joints
No joint cavity;
fibrous connective
tissue between
bones
Joint cavity
containing synovial
fluid
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Examples
Sutures
between skull
bones
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Joints
More About Synovial Joints
• Bones are joined by other structures in synovial joints.
• Synovial joint structure
– Ligaments
– Joint capsule
– Hyaline (articular) cartilage
– Medial meniscus and lateral meniscus
– Fat
– Bursae
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Figure 6-21 Structure of a synovial joint.
What is the purpose of the greater trochanter of the femur? What type of
tissue covers and protects the ends of the bones?
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Figure 6-22 The knee joint, sagittal section.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Joints
Types of Synovial Joints
Type of Joint
Type of Movement
Examples
Gliding joint
Flat bone surfaces slide
over one another with little
change in joint angle
Joints in the wrist and
ankles
Hinge joint
Allows movement in one
direction, changing the
angle of the bones at the
joint, as in flexion and
extension
Elbow joint; joints
between phalanges of
fingers and toes
Pivot joint
Allows rotation around the
length of the bone
Joint between the first
and second cervical
vertebrae; joint at
proximal ends of radius
and ulna
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Joints
Types of Synovial Joints (continued)
Type of Joint
Type of Movement
Examples
Condyloid
joint
Allows movement in two
directions; flexion and
extension, abduction and
adduction
Joint between the
metacarpal
Saddle joint
Like a condyloid joint but with
deeper articulating surfaces and
movement in three directions;
rotation, flexion and extension,
abduction and adduction
Joint between the
wrist and the
metacarpal bone of
the thumb
Ball-andsocket joint
Allows the greatest range of
motion; permits movement in
three directions around a central
point, as in circumduction
Shoulder joint and
hip joint
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Joints
Movements at Synovial Joints
• Flexion
• Extension
• Abduction
• Adduction
• Circumduction
• Rotation
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Joints
Movements Characteristic of Forearm and Ankle
• Supination
• Pronation
• Inversion
• Eversion
• Dorsiflexion
• Plantar flexion
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Figure 6-23 Movements at synovial joints.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Joints
Checkpoints
6-10
What are the three types of joints classified
according to the type of material between the
adjoining bones?
6-11
What is the most freely movable type of joint?
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Joints
Pop Quiz
Freely movable joints are also called
A) Fibrous joints
B) Cartilaginous joints
C) Diarthroses
D) Amphiarthroses
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Joints
Pop Quiz Answer
Freely movable joints are also called
A) Fibrous joints
B) Cartilaginous joints
C) Diarthroses
D) Amphiarthroses
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Effects of Aging on the
Skeletal System
Learning Outcome
12. Describe how the skeletal system
changes with age.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System
Bone
• Loss of calcium salts and collagen
• Bone weakening
• Reduction in collagen
Joints
• Thinning of cartilage
• Decreased flexibility
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Case Study
Learning Outcome
13. Using the case study, discuss the
process of bone repair.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Case Study
The Body’s Bone Repair Process
•Blood clot forms around fracture
•Blood vessels grow into clot, pulling connective tissue
with them
•Fibroblasts and chondroblasts convert clot into a soft
callus
•Macrophages remove remains of blood clot and
osteoclasts resorb dead bone tissue
•Osteoblasts convert soft callus into a hard callus of
spongy bone
•Osteoclasts and osteoblasts remodel hard callus into
compact bone
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Word Anatomy
Learning Outcome
14. Show how word parts are
used to build words related to the
skeleton.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Word Anatomy
Word Part
Meaning
Example
oste/o
bone, bone
tissue
The periosteum is the fibrous membrane
around a bone.
-clast
break
An osteoclast breaks down bone in the
process of resorption.
cost/o
rib
Intercostal spaces are located between the
ribs.
supra-
above,
superior
The supraspinous fossa is a depression
superior to the spine of the scapula.
infra-
below,
inferior
The infraspinous fossa is a depression
inferior to the spine of the scapula.
ab-
away from
Abduction is movement away from the
midline of the body.
ad-
toward,
added to
Adduction is movement toward the midline
of the body.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins