Transcript Really Old Stuff - AP Human Geography

Really Old Stuff
600 CE to 1450 CE
The Rise of Islam
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7th century Islam emerges
Monotheistic
Followers called MUSLIMS
Founded by: MUHAMMAD
Believed Allah (God) transmitted his word to
the faithful through Muhammad and recorded
his word in the QURAN (holy book)
Islam cont…
• Salvation can be achieved by following the
FIVE PILLARS
– Confession of Faith
– Prayer 5 times a day
– Charity to needy
– Fasting during month long Ramadan
– PILGRIMAGE to MECCA at least once in a lifetime
Islam cont…
• Also guided by JIHAD…meaning “to struggle”
– Struggling with non-believers and being a better
Muslim
• Islam shares a common history with Judaism
and Christianity
• Two groups… Sunni and Shiite
– Split occurs after disagreement over leadership
succession
Islam takes hold
• Mohammad starts out in Mecca which had many
different religions
• Conflicted with Meccan Leaders who did not like
monotheism
– Polytheism brought in money from pilgramages
• Mohammad was threatened and fled to MEDINA
– Called the HIJRA
• In 630 Mohammad returned to Mecca and
destroyed all the shrines except for the Ka’aba
• Islam spread across Saudi Arabia
Islam Empire Grows
• In 632, Mohammad dies… ABU BAKR becomes
CALIPH (overall leader: both emperor and
religious leader)
– THEOCRACY
• First four caliphs
– Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali
• Ali was assassinated
• UMAYYAD DYNASTY established and spreads
Islam
Islam cont…
• Umayyads constantly expanded and attacked
Constantinople frequently
• Islam spreads but its advancement is stopped
as it headed towards Paris by CHARLES
MARTELL ensuring it never spreads to most of
Europe
• Around this time DOME OF THE ROCK is built
on Temple Mount in Jerusalem
SUNNIS vs. SHIITES
• Shiites believe only heredity lines to
Mohammad can be rightly guided Caliphs
• Sunnis believe in a broader interpretation
• As Shiites rise in power they take down the
Umayyad dynasty and replace it with the
ABBASID DYNASTY in 750 CE
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Abbasid Dynasty
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750-1258
Built capital in BAGHDAD
Introduced the concept of trade
Tolerant of other religions
Converted many to Islam as well
Destroyed by the MONGOLS in 1258
Women in Islam
• Quran gave women more rights although still
subservient to men
– Prior to this they were only seen as property
• Men could have four wives… women only one
husband
• Women didn’t have property rights
• Women had to be veiled
• Women’s testimony only given half the weight
of a man’s
Meanwhile… In Europe
• The MIDDLE AGES
– 500-1500
• After the fall of Rome but before the Renaissance
The Byzantine Empire
• Culturally distinct from the Roman Empire
• Adopted ORTHODOX CHRISTIANITY
– Created in 1054 after the GREAT SCHISM
– Led by the Patriarch
• Major leader: JUSTINIAN
– 527-565
– JUSTINIAN’S CODE
• Codification of Roman Law
– HAGIA SOPHIA
• Orthodox Cathedral
Orthodoxy in Russia: Feast in the East
• Russia converted by ST. CYRIL
– Also creates the CYRILLIC ALPHABET
• Russian Leader: Vladimir… converted from
traditional pagan religion and considered all
religions
– Some say he chose Orthodoxy because it had the
least amount of food restriction
– Aligned with Byzantine Empire…in religion
Meanwhile Out West: Franks vs.
Muslims
• Franks were a Germanic tribe
– Leader: King Clovis
– Built a large kingdom in France and Belgium
– Dies and leaves kingdom to sons
• Charles Martell
– “the hammer”
– 732 defeats advancing Muslim armies
– Founds the CAROLINGIAN DYNASTY
• Son: Pepin takes over and seeks certification from the
Pope
– This links the French to the Roman Catholic Church for
legitimacy
Charlemagne: The Empire Strikes Back
• Charlemagne
– “Charles the Great”
– Son of Pepin
– Empire eventually named the “HOLY ROMAN
EMPIRE” after coronation of Otto the Great in 962
– Empire was divided after his death in the TREATY
OF VERDUN
The Vikings: Raiders from the Norse
• Western Europe continued to be attacked
– Vikings
• Used highly maneuverable boats
• In France… Vikings known as NORMANS
– Most famous… William the Conqueror
» Conquered England in 1066
– Magyars
• Assimilated to Christianity
European Feudalism: Land Divided
• Feudalism
– Social, economic, and political system of the middle ages
with a strict hierarchy
• Emerges partially out of problems with protection
• King at top…Nobles next…Vassals (could divide land)…
subvassals……………..finally Peasants (called SERFS)
• FIEFS
– Land granted to Vassals
– Later known as the Manor
• Utilized the three-field system while trying to be selfsufficient
Feudalism cont…
• The lord of the Manor owed loyalty to the
King but was in charge of his own Manor
• Conflicts between lords was common
– This is where we get the term FEUD
• CODE OF CHIVALRY
– An honor system that emphasized loyalty and
mutual respect
• PRIMOGENITURE
– Land passed to eldest son
Feudalism cont…
• As serfs became skilled in other trades… they
begin trading… leading to less dependence on
the manor
Height of the Middle Ages
• Trade emerges… Manors go away and lead to
powerful towns nearby
• BURGHERS
– Middle-class merchants
– Became politically powerful
• Towns allied together
– HANSEATIC LEAGUE
• Economic alliance
Architecture in Middle Ages
• Cathedrals highlighted advancements
• Romanesque vs. Gothic
• Gothic utilized FLYING BUTTRESSES
– Gave support for large windows and vaulted
ceilings
The Crusades
• Military campaigns undertaken by European Christians
in the 11th through the 14th centuries to take over the
Holy Land and convert Muslims and others to
Christianity
• The First Crusade was in response to the Turks taking
Jerusalem
• Eventually people question organized religion which
lead to HERESIES
– Religious practices or beliefs that do not conform with the
church
– Many questioned how wealthy and powerful the church
had become
Crusades cont…
• Pope Innocent III issued strict decrees on church doctrine
– Frequently persecuted heretics and Jews
– Fourth crusade issued
• Motivated by greed
• Pope Gregory IX
– Starts the INQUISITION, a formalized interrogation and
persecution process of heretics
• THOMAS AQUINAS
– Famous Christian realist changed Christian thought
– Wrote SUMMA THEOLOGICA
– Said faith and reason can co-exist since they are gifts from God
Emergence of Nation-States: Power
Solidifies
• Remember that Europe was only Kingdoms
during the Middle ages… NOT COUNTRIES
(Nation-States)
• Starts to Countrify at the end of the Middle
Ages
England Unifies
• William the Conquerer... 1066
– Powerful Monarch
• During Rule of KING JOHN the nobles rebel
and force him to sign the MAGNA CARTA
– Reinstated feudal law… took power from the King
and extended it to others including the Burghers
– Laid foundation for the Parliament
• Later divides in two… House of Lord (nobles and clergy)
and House of Commons (Knights and wealthy burghers)
France Forms
• Started 987 with King Hugh Capet
– Ruled around Paris
– Kingdom expanded for a couple hundred years
• In 12th century, England Started to invade and
claim large parts of France
– Led to French revolts
Joan of Arc
• As a farm girl, heard voices that told her to liberate
France in the 15th century
• She somehow convinced people of her divine visions
and they gave her military backing
– Significant impact during the HUNDRED YEARS WAR (13371453)
– After the Hundred Years War France became centralized
under the Bourbons
• Monarchs
• She forced the Brits to retreat
• She was seen as a threat eventually and burned at the
stake by the French
Spain Unites
• United by Queen Isabella
• Married Ferdinand to unite the Spain under a
single monarchy
– It had been split into thirds and was also divided
by religion
• Enlisted the Roman Catholic Church as an ally
• Ended Religious Toleration
– Marked beginning of SPANISH INQUISITION
Russia Unites
• 1242 succumbs to the TATARS (Mongols under
rule of GENGHIS KHAN)
– Led for two centuries
• 14th century Mongol rule declined
• IVAN III expands Russian rule and establishes
himself a CZAR
• Eastern Orthodox Church declares MOSCOW the
third rome
• IVAN THE TERRIBLE came into power and
solidifies power
Meanwhile… In Asia…
• China
– Tang (618-907)
– Song (960-1279)
– Ming (1368-1644)
Quick Review of China… the rise and
fall and rise and fall and rise
• Tang dynasty begins rule in 618
– Expanded territory
– Became too big and local lords became powerful and
dynasty falls
• Song dynasty begins rule in 960
– Falls to the Mongols in 1279
• Mongols establish the Yuan dynasty and driven from China in
1368 by the MING dynasty
• Ming dynasty begins rule in 1368
– Restores traditional Chinese rule
The Mongols
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Were mainly nomadic
Superior horsemen and archers
Rivalries prevented them from uniting until…
GENGHIS KHAN (1200s)
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United Mongols and led expansion in China in 1234
Split into hordes
GOLDEN HORDE conquered Russia
KUBLAI KHAN ruled China
PAX MONGOLICA… What does PAX mean?
Mongols cont…
• Allowed religious freedom
• Genghis Khan started first pony express and
postal system
• Its almost too brutal attacks left towns weak
and unable to form great culture
• Conquered India under the rule of
TAMERLANE/TIMUR LANG