Transcript Document

Chapter 17 – Absolutism in Eastern Europe to 1740
Medieval background
(1050 - 1300)
1. Personal and economic
freedom for peasants
increased, serfdom
nearly disappeared
2. Hereditary serfdom
took place in Poland,
Prussia and Russia
(1500-1650)
3. Hereditary
subjugation –
peasants were bound to
their lords from one
generation to the next
as well as to the land
The Growth of Austria and
Brandenburg Prussia
1. Overall the peasants had
less power in Eastern
Europe than in Western
Europe
2. Serfdom increased because
of political not economic
reasons
3. Typical king was only first
among equals
4. Westerner began to regard
eastern Europe as culturally
and morally inferior
5. Real losers were the
peasants and middle class
6. Landlords controlled the
courts (justice system)
Collecting Taxes in Russia
1. Austrian Habsburg turned inward and eastward after 30 years war
2. Serfdom increased, Protestantism was wiped out, and absolutism
was achieved
3. In Bohemia the Habsburgs crushed the Protestant nobility, bringing
Catholic newcomers, their land given to the soldiers and binding
local peasants to them (Battle of White Mountain)
4. Bohemian Estates reduce in power and influence
1. Ferdinand III – of Austria, created a
standing army, centralized and turned
toward Hungary for land
2. Under Suleiman the Magnificent the
Ottoman-Turks built the most powerful
empire in the world, which included part of
central Europe
3. The Turkish sultan (king) was the absolute
head of the state
4. Siege of Vienna (1683) – Habsburg
defeated the Ottoman Turks and began
increasing their territory
5. Defeat of the Ottomans has support from
protestants nobles in Hungary and Louis
XIV of France
Suleiman - The
Magnificent
1. Habsburg possessions
consisted of Austria,
Bohemia, and Hungary
2. Pragmatic Sanction
stated that the
possessions should never
be divided
3. Hungary nobility
thwarted the
development of
Habsburg absolutism and
Charles VI had to restore
many of their traditional
privileges after the
rebellion led by Rakoczy
in 1703
Ottoman Empire at its Height, 1566
1. The Hohenzollern family ruled the
electorate of Brandenburg (sand box of the
Holy Roman Empire) and Prussia
2. Thirty years war weakened the realm and
allowed the Hohenzollerns to consolidate
their absolutist rule
3. Frederick William (the Great Elector)
built a strong Prussian army and infused
military values into Prussian society
4. Junkers were the noble landowners of
Prussia
A Prussian Giant
Grenadier
Frederick William I (the Soldiers’ King)
1. Created best army in Europe
2. Most talented reformer, established Prussian absolutism
3. Infused strict military values into the whole society
4. Love tall, strong soldiers
5. Cult of the military, created a centralized bureaucracy,
almost always at peace
6. Became known as the Sparta of the North
7. Junker class became military elite and Prussia a
militarist state
Ivan the Terrible – first to take the title
Tsar of Russia, executed many Muscovite
boyars and their peasants. His ownership
of all land, trade and industry restricted
economic development.
1. Mongol controlled Russiaused Russian aristocrats as
servants and tax collectors.
(13th – 16th Century)
2. Ivan I served Mongols and
strengthen Moscow –
Mongols conquered the
Kievan state in 13th century
(Golden Horde)
3. Ivan III – stopped
acknowledging the Mongol
khan (1480)
4. Prince of Moscow – the tsar
5. Eastern Orthodoxy rejects
the authority of the pope
1. Muscovites gained their initial power through services rendered
the the Mongols
2. Rise of Russian monarchy was largely a response to the external
threat of the Asiatic Mongols
3. The tsars and boyars struggled over who would rule the state, the
tsar won and created a “service nobility” who held the tsar’s land
on the condition that they serve in his army (tsar means Caesarabsolute ruler)
4. Ivan IV – Ivan the Terrible – fought wars against Mongols,
launched a reign of terror against boyar nobility, he murdered
leading boyars and confiscated their estates (no private property.)
5. He monopolized mining and business activity, he assumed he
owned all trade as he owned all land—Result: No Middle Class
6. Many peasants fled his rule to the newly conquered territories
forming outlaw armies called Cossacks
1. “Time of Troubles” – Increased
pressured on the peasants to pay for his
wars led to a breakdown of the Muscovite
state after Ivan IV death.
2. There was no heir, relatives of the tsar
fought against each other
3. Swedish and Polish armies invaded
4. Cossack bands slaughter many nobles and
officials
Saint Basil’s
Cathedral, Moscow –
onion shaped domes a
striking example of
6. Michael Romanov was elected tsar by the powerful Byzantine
nobility in 1613
influences on Russian
culture
5. Ivan kill his son, and the “Time of
Troubles” was caused by a dispute in the
line of succession
1. Romanovs brought abut the total
enserfment of the people, while the
military obligations on the nobility
were relaxed
2. The Church became dependent on the
state for its authority
3. Peter the Great – reformed the army
and forced the nobility to serve in his
bureaucracy or army for life
Peter the Great – painting
celebrates the power and
determination of Russia's
famous ruler
4. He created a western styled army, won
the Great Northern War against
Sweden, made compulsory education
away from home for higher classes
mandatory (5years)
1. Peter borrowed Western
technology and hired Western
advisors
2. Visited Europe in disguise
3. He modernized the army and
made Russia a great power in
Europe
4. Russian peasant life became
more harsh
5. People replaced land as the
primary unit of taxation
6. Serfs were arbitrarily
assigned to work in factories
and mines
Peter the Great
Great Northern War 1700-1721
•
Alliance with Denmark
•
Invades Sweden, wants warm
water ports
•
Denmark and Russia defeated
•
Peter reforms: nobles must
serve for life; military
schools; 5 years serve away
from home; bureaucracy;
higher taxes
•
Battle of Poltava
•
End: Russia gains Estonia and
Latvia, becomes Baltic power
St. Peterburg
– excellent
example of the
tie among
architecture,
politics, and
urban
development
1. Baroque culture and art grew out of an effort by the Catholic
church to attract followers
2. Architecture played an important role in politics because it was
used by kings to enhance their image and awe their subjects (Royal
Place, favorite expression of absolutist power)
St. PetersburgPeter wanted to
create a modern,
baroque city form
which to rule
Russia
1. The dominant artistic style of the age of absolutism was baroque –
dramatic and emotional style
2. St. Petersburg became one of the world’s largest and most
influential city's
3. It had broad, straight avenues, housed built in a uniform line, parks,,
canals and streetlights
4. Each social group was to live in a specific section,
The Ottoman Empire at Its Height, 1566
The Growth of Austria and
Brandenburg-Prussia to 1748
Map 17.3
The
Expansion
of Russia to
1725