Transcript CH. 8 CANADA SHIFTS FOCUS: 1980 & BEYOND

CH. 8
CANADA SHIFTS FOCUS:
1980 & BEYOND
POPULAR CULTURE
‘THE 80s’
Teen Music
Fashion
Gen X & Y
See p. 243
Fig. 8-4
‘Boomers’ = Yuppies
X = Born after Boomers
1965-76
Y = Born 1970-90 (Techies)
ABORIGINAL BACKGROUND
Treaties with the Native Peoples
Settlement of the west would not be possible without
treaties and 1896 Indian Act
 Treaty conditions were often ignored.

(See next slide).
Unkept promises =>Farm equipment, supplies,
farming techniques.
Reserve land often small & poor land.
Gov’t dependency increased.

Between 1874-1877,
7 treaties signed.
Where is
Mcdonald’s ‘Sea to Sea’
dream needed land.
B.C.????
1876 Indian Act

1876 = Indian Act
Natives to live on reserves.
Children to attend residential schools.
Propaganda Video vs. Reality Video
2008 Harper gave
Federal Apology

Missionaries sent to encourage treaties.
ABORIGINAL CHANGES
1969 White Paper
Ab. Rights &
Veto Indian Act
Good enough
for war……
Encouraged
Aboriginals
To leave reserves
Viewed as an attack
White Paper abandoned
for
Red Paper – Self Gov’t,
Right to Vote
1960
THE FIGHT FOR
ABORIGINAL RIGHTS

The Legacy of Residential Schools
– 1970-2008 = apologies (Church & Gov’t)

Self government
– 1982 = Assembly of First Nations

Land Claims
– Royal Proclamation of 1763 – How binding??

Nunavut
– 1999 Inuit = political control. (largest treaty ever)

The Royal Commission (1991)
– Results – 1in 4 live in poverty, live 5.2 yrs shorter,
50 % unemployment > Canada Failed!!
OAKA CRISIS
Mohawks fought
to protect land city council
passed for a golf course
1960s & 70s QUEBEC
1960 - LESAGE - Liberal
QUEBEC NATIONALISM
‘Time for a change’
No corruption / Yes to merit
Quiet Revolution
Modernize – economy, pol.,
ed., & culture.
(Church decline)
60s & 70s = BIRTH OF SEPARATISM
1960s Quebec felt Fr. Injustices??
(English, Schools, $, Politicians, etc. )
Many pushed for a separate Fr. State.
FLQ gained support
Support Grew / Antics????
Bombed Mailboxes
1970 – OCTOBER CRISIS
Kidnapped Brt. Diplomat J. Cross
Demands – Free FLQ prisoners (No)
- Read FLQ Manifesto (Yes)
Kidnapped Labour Min. P. Laporte
Trudeau imposed WMA (Controversy???)
Trudeau
Locked down Montreal – Arrested FLQ members
PARTI QUEBECOIS (PQ)
– 1967 LEVESQUE –
“Just Watch Me” - Trudeau
Quebec & Can. should divorce. Imposed WMA
Laporte found murdered in trunk.
Separatist
60 days later Cross released after passage to Cuba.
BOURASSA - 1970
BILL 22 – Fr. = only lang.
Forced many Eng. out of prov.
Most arrests were released without charge
LEVESQUE – 1976
BILL 101
Fr. Lang., ed., signs
Eng felt 101= oppression
Laporte Murdered
POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT
THE PRIME MINISTERS
DIEFENBAKER
P.C. / 1957-63
Unhyphenated Canadianism
Nationalism / Brt. Ties
Human Rights –> Can. Bill
of Rights
Women in Cabinet.
Aboriginal: Senator/ Vote
French felt excluded
PEARSON
Liberal / 1963-68
Appealed To: young, urban,
central Canada
Severed ties with Brt.
Fr / Eng compromise
Modernize Canada
No Capital Punishment / Pro Divorce
Canadian Flag – 1965
Social Welfare – UI, Fam.
Allowance, CPP, Medical Care
Act (Tommy Douglas)
Promoted Bilingual Canada (Bi
& Bi Commission)
TRUDEAU
Lib. 1968-79;80-84
The Person: French, young,
hip, witty, Vette, celebrity,
‘salute’, ‘Trudeaumania’
Beliefs: Federalist, freedoms,
gov’t foster economy,
Official Lang. Act
Can.= Bilingual Country
‘A Just Society’/ Not ‘Distinct’
AGAINST SEPARATION
- fought FLQ
- October Crisis (Cross & Laporte)
- War Measures Act



CONSTITUTION & DISCORD
THE 1980 REFERENDUM / QUEBEC SOVEREIGNTY
– The Deal – Sovereignty with Free Trade,
common currency, common tariffs.
- Quebec voted NO.
PATRIATING THE CONSTITUTION
– Trudeau wanted to change the BNA Act to give Can.
Control.
– The Amending Formula was difficult.
» Problems - Provincial powers, Quebec veto,
Trudeau patriates constitution
Without Quebec’s approval
Western Prov.
» Change = 7 of 10 provinces that = 50 % of population.
 Quebec angry & protested – flags at half-mast
» The Notwithstanding Clause – allowed for Prov. Acts
to stand even though against the Charter.
TRUDEAU STEPS DOWN
– Turner took over Liberals but lost election
MULRONEY & THE CONSTITUTION
(Continued next page)
to Mulroney (Conservative).
PM Mulroney
MULRONEY & THE
CONSTITUTION
MEECH LAKE ACCORD
WITH HONOUR & ENTHUSIASM
-Mulroney wanted to make things right.
-Mulroney / Bourassa – renewed Quebec negotiations.
-Problem – Other prov. wanted more power.
(Alberta- Oil / Nfld –Fish also Senate powers increased)
Western Alienation – Bombardier / Winnipeg contract (Buy votes??)
-
-Mulroney propsed:
- Quebec’s ‘Distinct Society’
- Power to provinces – constitutional veto
- Critics: - Trudeau claimed ‘two solitudes’
-Aboriginals also wanted ‘Distinct Society’
-Man. & Nfld pulled out & Meech died
-Results – Quebec humiliated
-Bloc Quebecois formed – separatists (64%)
1995 REFERENDUM
CHARLOTTETOWN ACCORD
-Like Meech Lake but with:
- Aboriginal self-gov’t.
- Reformed Senate
- equal rep. From all parts of Can. to please west
- Canadians voted NO
- English felt too much power to Quebec.
- French felt west too much Senate & Aboriginals too
power in Quebecs north.
-49.4% Of Quebec voted to split.
-Canada was shocked!!!
- PM Chretien made it clear to ‘everyone’ that
separation would come with a price.
-Clarity Act – not 50% but a ‘clear majority’
would be needed for separation.
-by 2000, separation seems to have declined.
Note – Separatists Parizeau & Bouchard resirgned.
- Martin replaced Mulroney but would lose
to Harper (Conservative).
1970 - ECONOMIC CHALLENGES

INFLATION
– Organ. Of Petro. Exporting Countries (OPEC)
» 1973 = Israeli / Arab war (Can & US sided with Isreal)
» Oil embargo = 400% increase.
» The price on all goods rose.
 Workers wanted higher wages – inflation up.
 Dual income families became the norm.

REGIONALISM
– REGIONAL DISPARITY
» Resource provinces hit hardest / ‘Have’ ; ‘Have-nots’
» Trudeau tried to help with social programs - resentments
– WESTERN ALIENATION
ENVIRONMENTAL
» The west felt Trudeau’s policies favoured east.
 Alberta oil prices fixed by gov’t
MOVEMENT 1962
Air, water, soil, pollution
 they wanted to increase to world levels.
Pesticides – DDT
 Nat. Energy Program (NEP) to help oil issues.

EXPANDING HORIZONS
– Trudeau tried to diversify from Amer. dominated trade.
» Limited success.
Business was
slow to get on board
NEW ECONOMIC IDEAS
1980 = Recession 1980s
(oil crisis/inflation/high interest rates)
The 1950-60s ‘savers’ = spenders
(credit cards/consumerism)
DEBT CRISIS
High unemployment = no taxes
Gov’t assistance needed
Public services cut
Provincial Transfer Payments Cut
Deficit Budgets = More Debt
PM MULRONEY
Trickle Down Effect – Lower Taxes
Stimulate Economy / Cut Services
Use American $$$$
Note – Trudeau’s FIRA cut American influence
FREE TRADE AGREEMENT
Pros – More US $
- Open US markets
- Attract US firms
Cons - Lose US branch plants
-Can. Business can’t
compete with US
- Canadian independence?
Deal - 1999 = Free Trade
- Protect Can. Culture??
- Fair competition??
1992 = NAFTA
FTA was expanded to Mexico
Cheap labour controversy?
COLD WAR TIMELINE
1945
(King)
WW II ENDS / UN FORMED
GOUZENKO AFFAIR
1962
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
1963
CANADA = BOMARC MISSILES
1949
NATO FORMED
(St. Laurent)
1950-53
(Pearson)
1966
US TROOPS IN VIETNAM
(Trudeau)
1973
KOREAN WAR
US OUT OF VIETNAM
1955
1983
WARSAW PACT FORMED
STAR WARS / SOVIETS SHOOT KOREAN
JET
(Mulroney)
1956
1989
SUEZ CANAL CRISIS
BERLIN WALL FALLS
1957
NORAD AGREEMENT
(Diefenbaker)
1991
USSR COLLAPSES
(’93 Chretien)
(‘06 Harper)
A MORE INDEPENDENT
INTERNATIONAL POLICY
World events put the USA and Canada at odds; even the PMs & Presidents
disliked one another (Diefenbaler/Kennedy, Pearson/Johnson, &
Trudeau/Nixon).
.
NUCLEAR WEAPONS
THE ISSUES
Much of Canada was against US nukes
Appreciated the American defence & feared
Anti-nuke attitude may affect trade relations.
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
THE VIETNAM WAR
-Like Korea, N (Com.). & S. (Democratic ??) divided.
-US feared the ‘Domino Effect’ –1st advised then troops
-USSR
& China supplied the North =>Tet Offensive
-TV outraged Americans & war = controversial.
- US angry with lack of Canadian support.
-‘Draft dodgers’ came to Canada
- Canadian gov’t = neutral to war
- Johnson spoke out against US bombing campaign
- Castro booted Pro-U.S. dictator.
- US Bay of Pigs invasion = failure.
- Cuba got nuke help from Soviets.
- The world on brink of war.
TRUDEAU’S FOREIGN POLICY
- A last minute deal reached.
-Recognized Communist gov’t of China.
-Revisted Pearson’s US/Canada defence partnership
-No nukes for Cuban safety.
Note – In 1984 Trudeau = Peace prize for easing Cold War tensions
- US imposed sanctions on Cuba &
expected Can. to follow.
Diefenbaker was slow – hurt Can./US OTHER KEY EVENTS: CIDA (help underdeveloped),
relations.
1979 USSR into Afghanistan (increased Cold War/1980 Olympics boycott)
PEACEKEEPING
The US was now the only superpower left.
Good or Bad???
1990 - THE PERSIAN GULF WAR
Saddam Hussein & Iraq invaded Kuwait
The UN sent in forces led by US.
(First time since Korea the UN attacked the aggressor)
Canada also involved
Did UN/US move too fast? Sanctions?
BUSH = “A New World Order” / UN Police
1991 - DISGRACE IN SOMALIA
Canada sent in as peacekeeper during civil war.
- Much more aggressive stance.
Canadians arrested, beat, killed,
teenage boy.
Canada’s peace role questioned.
CIVIL WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA
Post WW II = Communist Tito
After his death internal conflict.
Serbian president Milosevic = trouble - 1989.
UN (Canada) forces sent to keep the peace.
NATO = controversial airstrikes against Serbia.
1998 – Serbs ignored peace & moved into Kosovo
Albanian Muslims were persecuted,
murdered, displaced.
NATO attacked!!!
Canada took part – Controversy???
NATO - ?????
Involvement in domestic affairs???
2001 - THE ATTACKS OF 9-11
Al-Qaeda flew four planes into US buildings.
(Twin Towers x 2, Pentagon, Crashed (White House)
Bush = War on Terrorism.
2001 - WAR IN AFGHANISTAN
US & Brt. went after Osama bin Laden & the Taliban.
UN later approved.
2001- Canada entered war – support dwindling.
2003 - THE IRAQ WAR
US went after weapons of mass destruction.
Many nations (Canada) not convinced &
did not go. US was upset!!!
No weapons found!!!! OIL???
2011 – Osama Bin Laden located & shot by US???
(Body dumped at sea days later no pics!)
- 1994 RAWANDA
Hutus vs Tutsis
When prominent Hutu was killed the
Hutus overthrew Tutsi gov’t & the
slaughter/ genocide of the Tutsis began.
General Romeo Dallaire (Canadian)
was brought in to lead UN forces.
He pleaded for men & $ but the world
Just sat back & watched.
Did the world really know????
What is the cartoonist suggesting about
Canada/UN’s new aggressive policies?
NEW ERA OF
INTERNATIONAL ACTION