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CHAPTER 22
Impact of the Individual
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It is 1901 and Theodore Roosevelt has suddenly become
president. You and all Americans are counting on him to
help end child labor, poverty, business abuses, and political
corruption. You’re anxious to see what actions the new
president will take to solve these problems.
How would you solve one of these problems?
• What different social problems did
Americans face?
• What qualities would a leader need to
tackle such problems?
• What might be the cause of these
different problems?
1890 Congress passes Sherman Antitrust Act.
1896 William McKinley is elected president.
1901 McKinley is assassinated, and Theodore Roosevelt
becomes president.
1904 Roosevelt is re-elected president.
1908 William Howard Taft is elected president.
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1912 Woodrow Wilson is elected president.
1913 17th Amendment provides for direct election of senators.
1919 18th Amendment outlaws alcohol.
1920 19th Amendment grants women the right to vote.
To World
1890 German leader Bismarck is dismissed by Kaiser
Wilhelm II.
1892 Gladstone becomes prime minister of Great Britain.
1894 Uganda becomes a British protectorate.
1900 Boxer uprising against foreigners begins in China.
1910 Union of South Africa is established.
1913 Gandhi, leader of Indian resistance movement,
is arrested.
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Main Idea
Reformers tried to solve the problems of the
cities. They gained a champion in Theodore
Roosevelt.
Why It Matters Now
Many of the reforms of the Progressive Era
have had an effect on life in America today.
What are some examples of progressive reforms?
GOALS
REFORMS
To expand
democracy
Direct primary; initiative; referendum;
recall
To protect
social welfare
Aid to the unemployed; minimum
wage laws; limits on women’s working
hours; prohibition
To create
economic reform
Break up trusts; regulate industry
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• What kinds of problems did progressives attempt
to solve?
• What did President Roosevelt mean by a “square
deal,” and how did he try to achieve it?
• What were Roosevelt’s achievements
in the field of conservation?
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Recognizing Effects
In what ways do the reforms that
President Roosevelt promoted affect
your life today?
Think About
• the quality of the food you eat
• natural resources that have been preserved
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Main Idea
Progressive reforms continued under William
Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson.
Why It Matters Now
Constitutional amendments passed during this
time affect Americans today.
What were some of the major reforms of the Taft and
Wilson administrations?
LAW
DESCRIPTION
Sixteenth
Amendment
Gave Congress the power to create
income taxes
Clayton
Antitrust Act
Forbade any business practice that
“substantially” lessened competition;
legalized certain labor tactics
Federal
Reserve Act
Created the Federal Reserve system,
consisting of 12 Federal Reserve
Banks, supervised by the Federal
Reserve Board
• What caused the Republican Party to split
in 1912?
• What were the major progressive
accomplishments of Wilson’s presidency?
• What did the Federal Reserve Act do?
Making Inferences
Why did progressive presidents do little
to advance civil rights for African
Americans?
Think About
• the goals of progressivism
• the groups of people that progressivism aimed
to help
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Main Idea
Women became leaders in social reform
movements and won the right to vote
during the Progressive Era.
Why It Matters Now
Today, American women enjoy the right to
vote because of women reformers in the
Progressive Era.
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What were some of the achievements of women leaders
of the era?
PROGRESSIVE ACHIEVEMENTS
Lillian Wald
Began the first non-religious visiting
nurse program in the country
Jane Addams
Began Hull House
Florence Kelley
Head of the National Consumers’
League, which promoted fair working
conditions in factories and stores
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• How did women’s roles expand near the turn of
the century?
• What was the background of many women who
became leaders in social reform movements?
• How did World War I influence the passage of the
Nineteenth Amendment?
Comparing and Contrasting
In what ways was the struggle for woman
suffrage similar to and different from African
Americans’ struggle for equal rights?
Think About
• the restrictions that both groups faced
• how long they struggled for basic rights
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
ANSWERS: READ AND TAKE NOTES
1 What problems did progressivism address?
2 How did progressive reformers expand democracy
in the states?
3 What was Roosevelt’s “square deal”?
4 What were Roosevelt’s achievements in the area of
conservation?
5 In what area did Taft achieve a more impressive
progressive record than Roosevelt?
6 What progressive goals did the Sixteenth and
Seventeenth amendments address?
7 How did Wilson’s position on big business
differ from Roosevelt’s?
8 How did women’s lives change around 1900?
9 What was the background of many women progressives?
10 What helped further the passage of the Nineteenth
Amendment in 1918?
Identifying and Solving
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
Political:
Patronage; limited suffrage and
democracy
Pendleton Civil Service Act; direct primary; initiative;
referendum; recall; 17th and 19th amendments
Social:
Poverty; alcohol abuse
Settlement houses; 18th amendment
Economic:
Power of big corporations;
unemployment
Clayton Antitrust Act; campaign for minimum wage
laws; socialism
Environmental:
Impure food and water; diminishing
natural resources
Pure Food and Drug Act; national parks
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