Transcript sdhsjdhs - Manskopf

Environmental Science
Chapter 3
The Dynamic Earth
Mr. Manskopf
All notes can be found at http://www.manskopf.com
Big Ideas
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The Earth is a dynamic system consisting of the
geosphere, the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and
the biosphere.
The Earth’s geosphere is a complex system that is
constantly changing impacting life on Earth.
A thin mixture of gasses that surrounds our planet
makes life on Earth possible in many ways.
Life is contained in a very thin layer near the Earth’s
surface that contains all that is needed for survival.
Water is a simple, yet complex molecule that
shapes our world landscape, moderates our climate,
provides habitat and most of all makes life possible
Has Earth
always
looked this
way?
Will it
always
look this
way?
Section 1: The Geosphere
Section 1 Goals
► Describe
the main structure of the interior
of the Earth
► How does the plate tectonic theory explain
earthquakes, mountain building and
volcanoes?
► Describe how wind and water alter Earth’s
surface.
What is the Geosphere?
► Geosphere:
consists
of all the rocks, soil
and loose rocks on
Earth’ surface.
► Most inside of Earth
► About 6,000 km in
radius
Earth’s Interior
►3
main “layers” inside
Earth
► Crust: Solid outer layer,
very thin
► Composed of lighter
elements
► Less than 1% of mass
► Thickest under
continents (30 miles)
► Earthquakes, mountains,
mining all take place
here
Earth’s Interior
► Mantle:
beneath the
crust, makes up most
of the mass
► Mostly liquid rock
called magma
► More than 2,000 miles
thick
► Convection currents
moving liquid rock
around
Earth’s Interior
► Core:
innermost,
hottest layer
► Made of very dense
metals like iron and
nickel
► HOW DO WE KNOW
WHAT IS GOING ON
INSIDE THE EARTH?
Earth’s Interior
Plate Tectonic Theory
Why don’t we get Earthquake in Camden?
Why do the earthquakes seem to follow a pattern?
Plate Tectonic Theory
WHY DO MOUNTAIN BELTS FORM CHAINS?
Why do the locations of volcanoes
form patterns?
Plate Tectonic Theory
► Crust
is broken into large pieces that are slowly
moving around
► Similar to chunks of ice floating on lake
► Most plates
continent size
► Move about
2-5 cm/yr
Plate Tectonic Theory
► Plate
Boundaries:
where plates touch
each other.
► Creates earthquake,
mountains and
sometimes volcanoes
► Convergent
► Divergent
► Transform
Earthquakes
► Vibrations
of the
Earth’s crust caused by
rocks in the crust
breaking
► Faults are cracks in
crust MOST are located
near plate boundaries
► Can we get
Earthquakes in NJ???
Earthquakes
► Seismic
Waves carry the energy of an earthquake
through the Earth
► Measured on the Richter Scale
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/
Earthquakes occur ALL the time
What do you
think kills most
people in
earthquakes?
How can we
build safer
buildings and
other structures?
Volcanoes
► Volcano
is a mountain
built by when lava cools
on the surface of the
crust
► Most common at
Convergent and
Divergent plate
boundaries
► 75% of volcanoes in the
Ring of Fire around
Pacific Ocean
Volcanic Impacts
► Local
Impacts:
earthquakes, ash
cloud, deadly
gasses, mudslides
► Global Impacts:
decreased
temperatures due
to ash blocking out
sunlight
Rock Types
► Igneous
Rocks: formed
from cooled magma or
lava
► Sedimentary Rocks:
formed from compressed
sediment like sand and
mud
► Metamorphic Rocks:
forms when other rocks
are put under lots of
heat and pressure
Rock Cycle
► http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_scie
nce/terc/content/investigations/es0602/es06
02page02.cfm
Will this mountain continue to grow
forever? WHY?
Which mountains are older? How
can you tell?
Wearing Down Earth’s Surface
► Plate
Tectonics Builds
Mountains and creates
new rocks
► Erosion is the removal
and transport of Earth
materials like rocks
► Water is main agent of
erosion on Earth
► Wind, waves, glaciers,
and others
Section 1 Review
► Describe
the main structure of the interior
of the Earth
► How does the plate tectonic theory explain
earthquakes, mountain building and
volcanoes?
► Describe how wind and water alter Earth’s
surface.
Section 2: The Atmosphere Goals
►Describe
the composition of the
atmosphere
►Describe the layers of the atmosphere
►Explain the 3 ways heat is transferred
in the atmosphere
►Explain the greenhouse effect
Our Atmosphere
► Atmosphere:
a THIN
layer of gases
surrounding our planet
► Makes life possible
► Provides vital gases for
plants and animals
► Blocks out harmful sun
rays
► Keeps temperature
comfortable
► Burns up meteoroids
Our Atmosphere
► 78%
Nitrogen
► 21% Oxygen
► 1% others like argon,
methane, carbon
dioxide
► Dust, dirt, bacteria,
viruses, ash, air
pollution, salt, skin,
bits of cloths, etc.
Atmosphere is
a dynamic
place
Layers of Atmosphere
► Divided
into 4 main layers according to changes in
temperature
Layers of Atmosphere
► Troposphere:
lowest
layer, all weather
occurs here, most
dense layer,
► Temperature and air
pressure drop quickly
as altitude increases
Layers of Atmosphere
► Stratosphere:
layer
above troposphere,
contains ozone layer
which blocks out
harmful UV sun rays
► Contains high levels of
Ozone O3
Layers of Atmosphere
► Mesosphere:
coldest layer as low
as -93oC
► Thermosphere:
hottest layer, but
would not feel hot
???
Energy Transfer in Atmosphere
How does the air get warm?
► Radiation
is the transfer
of energy across space
► Stand out in the sun
wearing a black shirt
► Sun 93 million miles
away
► Travels at 186,000 mi/s
► Only about 50% of solar
energy is absorbed by
Earth’s surface
Energy Transfer
► Conduction:
energy
transfer when the 2
object with different
temperatures touch
► Air touching the
ground warms by
conduction
► You touch a hot metal
pan and burn your
hand
Energy Transfer
► Convection:
heat transfer by
moving fluid
(liquid or gas)
► Hot air rising
off the warm
ground
► Why does hot
air rise?
•Explain how out atmosphere warms?
•Why doesn’t all the heat escape into space?
Greenhouse Effect
Greenhouse Effect
► Gases
in the atmosphere
trap in heat not allowing
it to escape into space
► Mainly CO2, water vapor
and methane gas
► Natural process, well
understood for centuries
► Without those gases
Earth is a very cold place
Our atmosphere is critical to life on Earth, yet is very thin
and fragile
Section 2 Review
►Describe
the composition of the
atmosphere
►Describe the layers of the atmosphere
►Explain the 3 ways heat is transferred
in the atmosphere
►Explain the greenhouse effect
Section 3: Hydrosphere and
Biosphere
► Describe
the main “steps” in the water cycle
► Explain how the ocean is a dynamic system
of current, waves, and tides
► Explain why life is confined to the
biosphere.
Hydrosphere
Hydrosphere:
includes all
water on
Earth
Rivers, lakes,
streams,
groundwater,
glaciers,
water vapor,
oceans,
clouds, etc.
Water Cycle
Where is most water found?
97% in Oceans, less than 3% is fresh water
Most freshwater is in glaciers and ice caps
Oceans
Cover 70% of Earth’s surface
Ocean Water
The sodium
and chlorine
NaCl form salt
Why is it
salty?
Which parts
of oceans
would be
saltier?
Ocean Temperature Zones
How is it possible that England is 700 miles further away from
the equator than Camden, yet it has much warmer winters?
Ocean Currents
Ocean Current
► Streamline
movements
of water in the oceans
► Surface currents
caused by wind only a
few meters deep
► Surface current impact
climates worldwide
moving heat from
equator to polar
regions
Ocean Motions: Tides
Tides are caused
by the gravity of
the moon and
sun pulling water
closer to them
Ocean Motions: Waves
Waves are caused
by wind
Stronger Wind =
Bigger Waves
Fresh Water
Fresh Water: Groundwater
Groundwater
What do you
think makes
groundwater a
good source for
water?
What could be
some problems
with using
groundwater?
Biosphere
► What
makes life
possible in the
biosphere?
► Sunlight
► Moderate
temperatures
► Liquid Water
► Gravity
Life starts with the plants
Primary Producers
Where do YOU get your energy from?
Section 3 Review
► Describe
the main “steps” in the water cycle
► Explain how the ocean is a dynamic system
of current, waves, and tides
► Explain why life is confined to the
biosphere.
Chapter 3
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The Earth is a dynamic system consisting of the
geosphere, the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and
the biosphere.
The Earth’s geosphere is a complex system that is
constantly changing impacting life on Earth.
A thin mixture of gasses that surrounds our planet
makes life on Earth possible in many ways.
Life is contained in a very thin layer near the Earth’s
surface that contains all that is needed for survival.
Water is a simple, yet complex molecule that
shapes our world landscape, moderates our climate,
provides habitat and most of all makes life possible