Transcript LEADERSHIP ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT

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DEPARTMENT OF
PSYCHOLOGY & EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION, WINNEBA
COURSE OUTLINE FOR EDC 242
TRENDS IN EDUCATION & SCHOOL
MANAGEMENT IN GHANA
FIRST SEMESTER
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
COURSE OUTLINE
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COURSE TITLE: Trends in Education & School
Management in Ghana
COURSE CODE: EDC 242
CREDIT HOURS: 3
VENUE: North Assembly Hall
TIME: 1:30 – 3:30
GROUPS: French Education, HPERS, & Science
Education
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
COURSE DESCRIPTION
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This course is designed to expose:
students to the theoretical and practical bases
of educational administration and management
with special reference to Ghana.
It examines the meanings and purposes of
educational administration and the role of the
school administrator in school management.
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Cont;
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This course will equip students with the basic
and relevant management techniques to run
schools more effectively.
Students will also be exposed to the nature of
Ghana’s education system and contemporary
issues in education, including school-community
relationship.
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
COURSE OBJECTIVES
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This course will:
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Enable students to understand the nature and
purpose of educational administration,
leadership and management.
Equip students with the relevant knowledge
and skills in educational leadership.
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Cont;
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Expose students to some contemporary issues
relating to the management of schools.
Enable students to manage human resource
effectively.
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
COURSE CONTENT
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The nature and purpose of educational
administration and management
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The meaning of administration, leadership and
management
Functions of the administrator /manager
(POSDCORD)
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Cont;
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Nature of Organization
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Leadership theories and styles
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Characteristics of an effective leader
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Administrative tasks/duties of school head
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
MANAGEMENT SKILLS
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Motivation theories
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Time management
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Decision-making in educational organizations
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Communication in educational organizations
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
OTHER MANAGEMENT-RELATED
ISSUSES
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Organizational climate
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School-community relationship
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
LEARNING AND TEACHING
STRATEGIES
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There will be a mixture of lectures (including
Radio lectures), presentations and tutorial
support.
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
ASSESSMENT
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Continuous Assessment (Two Quizzes)
– 40%
End-of-course Examination
- 60%
Total
- 100%
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
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1. MEANING & BASES FOR LEADERSHIP
2. MEANING OF ADMINISTRATION
3. MEANING OF MANAGEMENT
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
LEADERSHIP,
ADMINISTRATION
AND MANAGEMENT
WHAT IS LEADERSHIP
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Burns (1978), says that leadership is a
process of doing something for some one
by mobilizing persons with certain
motives and values, various economic,
political, and other resources in a context
of competition and conflict, in order to
realize goals independently or mutually
held by both leaders and followers.
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Cont;
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Musaazi (1982), believes that leadership
is the process of influencing the activities
and behaviour of an individual or a group
in efforts towards goal achievement in a
given situation.
 Rost (1991), believes that leadership is
an influence relationship among leaders
and followers who intend real changes
that reflect their mutual purpose.
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DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Cont;
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Gardener (1995), states that leaders are
individuals who affect the thoughts,
feelings and behaviours of a significant
number of individual. He stressed that
the leader must be an educator, bridging
the gap between the vision and the
familiar and must be ready to walk alone
to enable the society to follow the path he
has selected.
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Is this your leadership?
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DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Or this?
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DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Cont;
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So, leadership has the following:
 Affect individual
 Affect feelings, emotions, thought and
behaviours
 Mobilize people
 Common goal achievement
 Mutual purpose
 Real change
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
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Traits and skills of a
leader
Traits
 Adaptable to situations
 Alert to social environment
 Ambitious and achievement-orientated
 Assertive
 Cooperative
 Decisive
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Traits (cont)
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Dependable
Dominant (desire to influence others)
Energetic (high activity level)
Persistent
Self-confident
Tolerant of stress
Willing to assume responsibility
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
skills
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Clever (intelligent)
Conceptually skilled
Creative
Diplomatic and tactful
Fluent in speaking
Knowledgeable about group task
Organised (administrative ability)
Persuasive
Socially skilled DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE Stogdill (1974)
BASES FOR LEADERSHIP
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By Law (Legal Leadership)
 By Tradition (Traditional
Leadership)
 By Charisma (Charismatic
Leader)
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DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
LEGAL LEADERSHIP
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This is also known as rational leadership and
the one who holds this position is backed
fundamentally and primarily by law. In a
typical secondary school, and the basic school
situation in Ghana, we can see this kind of
leadership. This is because the school being a
formal organization is guided and controlled
by a set of principles, laws and rules.
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
TRADITIONAL LEADERSHIP
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This is the leadership that has its fundamental
basis not primarily in the legal system of the
formal organization, nor mainly in the charismatic
nature of the candidate, but rather in the
traditional status quo.
One key characteristics which is unique with this
type of leadership is that its inheritance by
lineage; in certain tribes or clans through
patrilineal links and in others the matrilineal
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
CHARISTMATIC LEADERSHIP
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The basis of charismatic leadership is in the
charisma of the leader who may initially not have
any legal or traditional basis for leadership. This
type of leadership has it basis in the people’s
devotion to an extraordinary individual who is
leader by virtue of personal trust in him and his
exemplary qualities. The leader has a special and
unique duty to fulfil for the revolutionary change
of the social order.
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Cont;
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DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
POWER
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Power is the ability to do something, or act upon oneself,
another individual or a thing. Power is the inner strength
that enables a person to carry out their wishes or
beliefs in spite of the possible disapproval of others. It
is the ability to affect something or someone with force
or character or strength.
Power may be sought, and when it is obtained, can be
used to accomplish a multitude of things, positive and
negative. Power may be manifested in several ways in a
given organization.
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
TYPES OF POWER
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LEGAL POWER
EXPERT POWER
REWARD POWER
REFERENT POWER
COERCIVE POWER
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Cont;
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Legal Power: the basis of this power is not
questioned by most people in society. The
population has a believe that by virtue of
office, the leader has been given certain rights
to lead, and should be followed. Agreeing to
belong to the organization is tantamount to
signing a contract to recognize and summit to
the power of the leader. Legal power is at the
core of the stability of the formal organization
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Is this your legal power?
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DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Cont;
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Expert Power: this type of power has
its basis in the people’s belief in and
recognition of certain unique talents
or skills which the leader has to
enable him accomplish the goals of
the organization in ways not possible
by the ordinary staff. In the university
culture.
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Is this your expert power?
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DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Cont;
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Reward Power: the basis of this
power resides in the belief of the
member organization that if they
behave in certain way, or do certain
things, the system or organization will
reward them. In this case, they accept
to obey the dictates of the leader, in
hopes of being rewarded by him.
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Or your reward power
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DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Cont;
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Referent Power: it has is basis in the
common people’s belief that this
individual possesses certain
outstanding and rare characteristics
which are attractive and with which
they want to be identify. It may also
be referred to as charismatic power.
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Or this?
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DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Cont;
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Coercive Power (force): members of the
organization or a group of them will develop
the strong belief that they must obey and do
exactly what the leader wants lest they suffer
severe punishment. Coercive power is that
which intimidates and reduces the human
person within the organization to the state of a
slave, an object who sees his primary task as
that of pleasing the leader.
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Or coercive power
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DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
WHAT IS ADMINISTRATION
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The word “administration” is from the
Latin word “minister” meaning servant
or slave.
 Therefore, administration has to do with
the identification, maintaining,
motivating, controlling, and the
unification of human and material
resources within an organization to
achieve a common goal.
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DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Cont;
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Administration can also be considered as the
careful and systematic arrangements and
use of resources (human & material),
situations and opportunities for the
achievement of the specific objectives of a
given organization. (Nwankwo, 1987)
 To Gulick & Urwick, administration is a
process of getting things done through the
effort of others in goal achievement.
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DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Cont;
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According to Walton (1996),
administration is an activity that
concerns it self with the survival and
maintenance of an organization.
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In simple term, administration is where
the seven functions of a chief executive
is executed.
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
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What then is Educational
Administration
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Nwankwo (1987), defined educational
administration as the systematic
arrangement of human and material
resources and programmes that are
available for education and carefully
using them systematically within defined
guidelines or policies to achieve
educational goals.
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Cont;
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Educational administration is the process
of providing instructional leadership,
management of the day-to-day
activities, setting educational standards
and goals, establishing policies and
procedures required to achieve them in
schools, preschools, day care centres,
colleges and universities.
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Some basic functions
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Educational Administrators typically performs
the following basic functions:
 develop academic programs,
 monitor students’ educational progress,
 train and motivate teachers and other staff,
 manage career counselling and other student
services,
 administer recordkeeping, prepare budgets.
DAMPSON DANDY
Cont;
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They also handle relations with parents,
prospective and current students, employers,
and the community.
 They set the academic tone and work actively
with teachers to develop and maintain high
curriculum standards,
 formulate mission statements, and establish
performance goals and objectives.
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DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
WHAT IS MANAGEMENT
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Management is the process by which
managers create, direct, maintain and
operate purposive organizations through
systematic, co-ordinated and cooperative human effort. (Forland, 1998)
 Management refers to a set of functions
which unite group efforts in a
meaningful manner.
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DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Cont;
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Management is the art of getting things
done through people. (Follett, 1996).
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Management is the organization and
coordination of the activities of an
enterprise in accordance with certain
policies and in achievement of defined
objectives. (Drucker, 2005)
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
What is educational
management
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Educational management is concerned with
the planning and formulation of educational
policies or programmes with a view to
achieving educational goals.
 The process of deciding on the aims and goal
setting of the institution/school. In some
settings, aims are decided by the principal,
often working in association with senior
colleagues and perhaps a small group of lay
DAMPSON
DANDY GEORGE
stakeholders. (Bush
2003)
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CONCLUSION
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The ways in which managers influence
their employees and encourage them to
be productive depend on many variables,
including the personality of the leader,
the skills of the group/employees, the
task or assignment at hand, or the group
dynamics and personalities of group
members.
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Cont;
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As with leadership, each base of power
has its place in management and can
prove effective in the right setting and
right circumstances.
 There are four major factors of leadership
that we need to take with us as student if
we want to become effective leaders. We
need to:
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DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Cont;
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a.
b.
Be a leader: You must have an honest
understanding of who you are, what you
know, and what you can do.
Know your followers: Different people
require different styles of leadership.
You must know your people! The
fundamental starting point is having a
good understanding of human nature,
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Cont;
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… such as needs, emotions, and
motivation. You must come to know your
employees' be, know, and do attributes.
c. Communication: You lead through
two-way communication. Much of it is
nonverbal and verbal. What and how you
communicate either builds or harms the
relationship between you and your
employees.
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Cont;
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d.Situations: All situations are different.
What you do in one situation will not
always work in another. You must use
your judgment to decide the best course
of action and the leadership style needed
for each situation.
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
QUIZ ONE
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State five (5) differences between an
administrator and a manager.
Five minutes
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
NATURE OF ORGANIZATION
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Definition of organization
 Characteristics of organization
 Types of organization
 The school as an organization
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DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
WHAT IS AN ORGANIZATION
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A social unit of people, systematically
structured and managed to meet a need or to
pursue collective goals on a continuing basis.
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A group of persons with a common objective"
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"A structured process in which individuals
interact for objectives.
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Some Scholar’s definition
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Russell (1938) describes an organization as a
set of people who are combined by virtue of
activities directed to common end.
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Simon (1955) teaches that organization is a
tool that permits groups of human beings to
aim at and … achieve goals that would be far
beyond the reach of their powers as
individual.
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Cont;
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To Musaazi (1982) organizations are
born when certain people have identified
a common purpose, have been able to
communicate with each other, and have
shown willingness to contribute action.
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Cont;
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"Every organized human activity -- from
the making of pots to the placing of a
man on the moon -- gives rise to two
fundamental and opposing requirements:
The division of labour into various tasks
to be performed, and the coordination of
these tasks to accomplish the activity"
(Mintzberg, 1983)
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN
ORGANIZATION
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Organizations are fundamentally about people:
It seeks to address the needs of the common
member/community. It is however common to
observe organizations growing so large and
becoming so complex powerful that they shift
their focus or end up engaging on goal
displacement. They abandon their original
objectives to seek more power and place
greater emphasis on seeking for money.
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Cont;
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Organization by nature is structural.
That is to say they deal with structures as its
sole existence rely on it. In organizations,
members must have respect for, and make use
of the structures that are put in place.
Organizations across the globe possess
structures which define their very nature, and
which support them in their continuous efforts
to survive, grow and progress.
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Cont;
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All organizations, even informal ones, must
have purpose.
for it is a sense of purpose that brought the
people together in the first place. These
objectives/purposes/goals are termed as
Mission Statements.
 Organization is all about team work:
with different players functioning at different
level within the group.
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DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Cont;
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Organization must be provided with
conditions: aimed at enhancing the
effectiveness of the attainment of their goals,
ie, Principle of natural justices. Eg, conditions
of educational goal; there must be physical
facilities, well-trained, experienced and
qualified teachers, learners, visionary and
loving administrators.
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Cont;
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Proper planning and management:
must be in place so that internal conflict will be
reduced. Personal interest must not be confused
with larger, communal organizational goals.
There must be a system of leadership:
There must be a system of leadership, management
and administration in order to function properly,
and to allow the organization to provide the
services for which it was set up.
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
TYPES OF ORGANIZATION
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Formal organizations are setup with the clear
purpose of arriving at specific goals and
objectives, their existence is intentionally
planned, their procedures and practices
carefully arranged and they stand to be
constantly evaluated, scrutinized based on
whether or not and to what extent they are able
to live up to their expectations.
(Musaazi,1984).
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Characteristics of formal organization
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Deliberately planned and created
 Concerned with the co-ordination of activities
 Hierarchically structured with stated
objectives
 Based on certain principles such as the
specification of tasks
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DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Cont;
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Organization structure is laid down by the top
management to achieve organizational goals.
 Organization structure is based on division of
labour and specialization to achieve efficiency
in the operations.
 The organization does not take into
consideration the sentiments of organizational
members.
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DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Cont;
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The authority and responsibility relationships
created by the organization structure are to be
honoured by everyone.
 Developed through delegation of authority
 Organization structure concentrates on the
jobs to be performed and not the individuals
who are to perform jobs.
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DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
INFORMAL ORGANIZATION
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Williams (1980) simply refers to an informal
organization as “the actual groupings of
human beings in an organization including all
the interpersonal relationship, friendships and
cliques that prevail in an organization.
 Gorton (1980) used the term to refer to a
network of interpersonal associations which
grow out of the social contacts and
interactions of those members of formal
organization. DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
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Cont;
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Informal organizations they do not have
clear-cut in their operations as formal
organization. The origin of informal
organization are sometimes very obscure (not
well known), sometimes even spontaneous
(not planned, out of a blue). Membership is
gained unconsciously, although they could be
consciously gained as well. Their goals are not
specified but evolve (develop gradually) with
time.
DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Types of informal organization
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There are basically three types of informal
organization namely,
 Horizontal Clique
 Vertical Clique
 Mixed Clique
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DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Cont;
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Horizontal Clique consist of workers who are
of similar rank in the organization and who
work in a common area.
 Vertical Clique often consist of higher-level
employees-managers and supervisors who
work in the same department.
 Mixed Clique is composed of employees of
different ranks, departments and even different
locations.
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DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Characteristics of informal
organization
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The informal organization is flexible and
loosely structured
 Relationships may be left undefined
 Informal relationships, groupings &
interactions
 Membership is spontaneous and with varying
degrees of involvement
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DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Cont,
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Involves two or more people
 Informal association precedes formal
organization, as it requires preliminary
(informal) contact and interaction before
establishment
 Repeated contacts but without any conscious
joint purpose

DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
Cont;
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Involves the human need to socialize
 Includes both friendly and hostile relationships
and interactions
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DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
THE SCHOOL AS AN
ORGANIZATION
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What is a School?
 Can a school be considered as an
organization? Or is an organization?
 Why?
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DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE
QUIZ 2
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Is a school an organization?
 State five (5) reasons to support your
answer.
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DAMPSON DANDY GEORGE