Transcript CVFD Training – Ground Cover Firefighting

CVFD Training – Ground Cover
Firefighting
SFFMA Training Objectives:
25-01.01 – 25-01.02
Training Overview
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25-01.01 Trainee shall correctly define wildfire terms as used in the fire service:
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mop-up
fire behavior
direct attack
incident commander
indirect attack
incendiary fire
fuel
mutual aid
backfire/burnout
fire season
barrier
convection column
topography
tools used in ground cover fires
suppression
25-01.02 Trainee shall, given a specific wildland fire situation, describe the effect
of fuel, weather and topography on wildland fire, and predict the direction and
speed of the fire spread.
Common Terminology
• Mop Up:
– Process of making a controlled fire safe by means
of extinguishing all remnants of fire within a
specified strip adjacent to the control line. On
small fires, the entire burned area should be gone
over. On larger fires, a definite strip, usually 100
feet wide and adjacent to the control line should
be made safe
Common Terminology
• Fuel:
– Substances upon which the fire feeds. In the case of a
wildland fire, it is the flammable materials in the forest or
rangeland
• Backfire:
– A fire backs into the wind it is set between the wildfire and
the control line to create a barrier
• Burnout:
– A fire set between the main fire and control line or barrier
to burnout any unburned fuels between the wildfire and
control line
Common Terminology
• Direct Attack:
– A series of related actions to cool, drown,
smother, starve, beat out, or otherwise extinguish
the flames of a going fire. All control action is
carried on directly against the fire edge
• Indirect Attack:
– Control action conducted a variable distance from
and usually parallel to the edge of a wildland fire
in such a manner as to deprive the advancing fire
of fuel thereby halt its further progress
Common Terminology
• Barrier:
– Any obstruction, natural or man-made, to the spread of
fire, typically, an area or strip devoid of flammable fuel
• Topography:
– The physical features of the land surface – both natural
and man-made. Ex: rivers, mountains, roads, swamps, etc.
• Suppression:
– Any action take to extinguish a wildfire
Common Terminology
• Fire behavior:
– The manner in which fuel ignites, flames develop, fire
spreads and other exhibits other phenomena. The
combined effects of the fire’s environment on how the fire
acts or behaves
• Incident Commander:
– The person responsible for all suppression and service
activities on a fire
• Incendiary Fire:
– A fire set deliberately by someone to burn property not
owned or controlled by him, without the consent from the
owner or his agent
Common Terminology
• Mutual Aid:
– In fire fighting situation, two-way assistance freely given
under pre-arranged plans or agreements by fire
departments/agencies of two or more areas on the basis
that each will aid the other in time of emergency.
Providing joint or cooperative response to alarms near
their boundaries
• Fire Season:
– The period or periods of the year during which fires are
likely to occur and do sufficient damage to warrant
organized fire control
Common Terminology
• Convection Column:
– The thermally produced ascending column of gases,
smoke, and debris produced by the fire
• Anchor Point:
– Point from which a fire line has begun. Usually a natural or
man-made barrier that will prevent fire spread and the
possibility of the crew being flanked while construction the
fire line
• Snag:
– A standing dead tree
Common Tools
• Brush Trucks (B82 / B83 / B85)
• Hand Tools:
– Shovel
– Rake
– Axe
– Backpack Pump
– Drip Torch
– Flap
Understanding Wild Fires
Factors that influence ignition and
spread
• Fuels:
– Fuel Moisture: Primary factor that influences the ease of
ignition and the rate of combustion. The more moisture a
fuel contains, the more heat required to ignite. Moisture
within the fuel must be vaporized and driven from the fuel
before it can be raised to ignition point
– Fuel Size: Ease of ignition and the rate of combustion are
influenced by the size of the fuels
• Small: fuels ignite quickly
• Large: fuels take longer to ignite and fire spread is slower and will
burn longer
Factors that influence ignition and
spread
• Weather:
– One of most important factors affecting fire
behavior
• Temperature:
– Fuels that are pre-heated by the sun burn more rapidly that
do cold fuels
– Temperature of the ground affects the movement of air
currents. As heat from the sun warms the ground, the air next
to the ground is heated and rises
• Relative Humidity:
– Moisture in the form of water vapor is always present in the
air.
Factors that influence ignition and
spread
• Weather:
– Wind:
• Of all influences on fire’s behavior, wind has the
greatest influence on both the rate and directions of
spread. It does this by increasing oxygen supply
causing more intense burning. The wind bends the
flames and moves heat in advance of the fire, preheating fuels. It carries burning embers beyond the
fire, causing spot fires.
Wild Land Notes
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Head:
– part of wildfire with greatest forward rate of speed
Fingers:
– Long, narrow strips of fire that extend from main body
Perimeter:
– Outer boundary or distance around the outside edge of the burned or un-burned area
Rear:
– End opposite to the head. Generally, down wind and burns with low intensity, rate of
speed, and easier to control.
Flanks:
– Sides of wild land fire roughly parallel to the head
Islands:
– Unburned areas inside the perimeter of fire
Green:
– Unburned fuels
Black:
– Burned fuels