• • •

Important Dates

Political Cartoon: Monday, February 10th • Matching vocabulary and IDs quiz – ALL sections, all terms and peopld, and any terms referred to during lectures: Thursday, February 27 th • Chapter 23 Test: Tuesday, March 4 th Practice FRQing TBA throughout chapter Napoleon: The Man vs. The Myth Activity date TBA

“

This vast continent which the seas surround will soon change Europe and the universe.” Unknown, 1789 1. What continent/country is the writer speaking about?

2. What kind of change may the writer be speaking about?

3. Would kings and commoners have viewed this change in the same way?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wXsZb kt0yqo

CHAPTER 23

The French Revolution 1789-1815

Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité

SECTION 1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LkF61DeYD24 • Life in 1700 France: – Most advanced country in Europe – Large population and prosperous trade – Unrest between the wealthy and poor exists – Reasons for unrest: • bad harvests • inflation • • high taxes Enlightenment ideas: liberty, equality, democracy, and individualism

• • • • •

The Old Order

Citizens divided into 3 social classes (Estates) Clergy (1 st estate) rich and poor = less than 1% Nobles (2 nobles had little money, but had all the privileges of noble rank = less than 2% nd estate) inherited their titles wealth came from the land. Some Everyone else (3 rd estate) wealthy merchants, doctors and lawyers, shopkeepers, urban poor, and peasants = 97% Taxes paid: – 1 st = 2% – – 2 nd 3 rd = 0% = 50%

Estates

• • • • Clergy: owned 10 percent of land and provided for education and relief services for poor Nobles: owned 20 percent of land and paid no taxes Both C and N scorned the Enlightenment ideas Why?

3

rd

Estate

• • • • • Three economic groups makeup 3 rd estate Bourgeoisie (middle class): educated, owners, merchants, professionals – Some rich as nobles, but paid high taxes Workers: poorest of society Peasants: largest group (80%) – Paid about ½ of income to nobles, Church, and taxes Third estate was eager for change – revolution

Political Cartoon Assignment: 20 points Using the informational graphs on page 652 and economic equality data you gather from 2012, create a political cartoon that compares to the one below. Your cartoon should include your own neo-estates (new estates from today’s society) that illustrates how our world compares to the time period of the French Revolution. Notice the one below contains no words – only an illustration. Your cartoon may or may not use labeling or words (for dialogue, emphasis, etc.) Style: Your cartoon should be in color, and on white paper pasted onto a hard, construction paper-like backboard.

Forces of Change Inspire 3

rd

Estate

• New ideas about government – Enlightenment (Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Voltaire) – Inspiration from the American Revolution – Equality, Liberty, Justice

Forces cont…

• • Economic troubles – Economy in decline (1780s) – Burden of high taxes make business an impossibility – Cost of living rises – Crop failures due to weather result in high bread prices – Starvation Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette: – Spending problem – Louis inherited debt – Borrowed money to help with American Rev.

Emanuel-Joseph Sieyes • • • • • Clergyman Suggests 3 rd Estate name themselves the National Assembly – Pass laws and reforms for French people June, 1789: 3 rd rule estate agrees and ends absolute monarchy’s – Begins representative government – First deliberate act of revolution “The Third Estate embraces then all that which belongs to the nation; and all that which is not the Third Estate, cannot be regarded as being of the nation. What is the Third Estate? It is everything.” Sieyes, Qu'est-ce que le tiers état? ( What is the

third estate?).

N.A. seizes church land to ease economic crisis: Civil

Constitution of the Clergy

• •

Forces cont…

Weak leadership – Louis XVI indecisive – Didn’t pay attention to advisors – Taxed (nobility) his way out Marie Antoinette – Interfered in government – Gave poor advice – Member of Austria’s royal family (France’s enemy) – Overspent on herself (Madame Deficit)

• •

Dawn of Revolution

Voting: clergy and nobles dominate.

– Each estate had a vote 3 rd Estate feel left out of process – Member’s views based on Enlightenment – Bourgeoisie wanted all three estates to vote together – Each delegate from each estate had a vote – 3 rd estate had more delegates (thus more power)

• • • • • •

Tennis Court Oath

The King had declared the activities of the Third Estate illegal and refused to recognize the "National Assembly." Leaders met in defiance at an indoor tennis court at Versailles Third Estate swore not to separate until a constitution had been written for France. Louis ordered them to disperse and assembly said, “NO!” Louis was unwilling to use force and eventually ordered the first and second estates to join the new National Assembly. The Third Estate won and declared France a constitutional monarchy. It was 1791.

Bastille Day!!!

• • • Bastille known as a symbol o royal abuse of power Mob storms Bastille (a Paris prison) Weapons/gunpowder to defend city

• • • •

Fear Sweeps France

Peasants feared nobles Peasants soon became outlaws Terrorize nobles destroying legal papers that bound them to feudal dues October 1789: peasant women riot over rising bread prices – March on Versailles – Kill royal guards – Demand Louis and Marie return to Paris

• • • •

Section II Revolution Brings Reform and Fear

1789: Peasants begin revolting against the clergy and nobles Clergy and nobles react by giving up feudal privileges Commoners become equal to nobles and clergy Old Regime is dead

Declaration of The Rights of Man

• • • • • • Approved by the National Assembly of France, August 26, 1789 Essentially, France’s DOI with elements of the B.O.R.

Equality is the prevailing right in this declaration Guarantees: equal justice, freedom of speech, and religion Olympe D Gouges writes the Declaration of the rights of women. Her ideas are rejected and she is executed http://www.historywiz.com/rightsofman.htm

The State-Controlled Church

• • • • • National Assembly takes over Church land – Decides priests and Church officials be elected and paid by state Church loses land (power) and political independence Secularization of Europe begins Money from land sales pay off France’s debt Actions offend Catholics – Pope should rule independent of state – Peasants began to oppose assembly’s reforms

Louis Flees

• • • • On June 20, 1791, the King and his family set out for Austria. Louis was disguised as a steward and his son was wearing a dress. At the border village of Varennes, he was recognized and eventually apprehended. His attempted escape fueled his critics and sealed his fate – the guillotine.

• • •

Divisions

Assembly creates a limited monarchy – Louis authority is stripped – Creates a legislative body: Legislative Assembly (replaces National Assembly) Food shortages and debt remained Problems create divisions: – Radicals (left side) opposed monarch and favored changes in government – Moderates (middle) wanted some changes , but not as much – Conservatives (right side) upheld idea of limited monarchy and wanted few changes in government

Émigrés and Sans-Culottes

• • Émigrés: Nobles who fled France – Hoped to undo Revolution and restore Ole Regime Sans-Culottes: (literally, without trousers) – Parisian working men who wore loose pants instead of the tight knee pants of the nobility – came to refer to any revolutionary citizen.

• • • •

War and Execution

European countries begin to worry – Austria and Prussia urge France to restore Monarchy Leg. Assembly responds by declaring war August 10, 1792: men and women invade the palace of Louis and royal family – Family imprisoned Rumors of King’s supporters (held in prisons) spread – – September Massacres Mobs of citizens invaded the prisons, held mock trials, and slaughtered many of the inmates

• • •

Jacobins and Girondins

Two radical debating groups vying for power Both groups were more radical in their views than moderates Girondins were somewhat less radical than the Jacobins. – Girondins were concerned about the plight of the blacks in France's colonies – Wanted a declaration of war against Austria

Jacobins cont…

• • Jacobins grew increasingly critical of Girondin policies.

– Primarily involved in governmental changes – – Had many enemies inside of France Controlling these “inside” enemies was key to power – – Encouraged violence Responsible for trying, convicting, and executing Louis: January 21, 1793 Girondins argued against his execution

• • • •

Jean-Paul Marat

Jacobin journalist loved by French people – Called for death to all those supporting king Arrested for attacking Girondins – Acquitted of the charge and treated as hero People of Paris turned even more toward the Jacobins.

Girondins strike back – Charlotte Corday, a Girondin sympathizer, gained entrance to Marat's bath and stabbed him.

• • •

War Continues

Great Britain, Holland, and Spain join Austria and Prussia French suffer defeats Jacobins order a draft of 300,000 increasing army to 800,000 – Including women

Reign of Terror http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CUrEJBsWLfA • • •

"Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible“ - Maximilien Robespierre

After the death of Louis XVI in 1793, the Reign of Terror began.

– The first victim was Marie Antoinette. The rest of the royal family followed Maximilien Robespierre (Leader of Jacobins) gains power – – – Mastermind of the Reign of Terror Wants to build a “republic of virtue” Wants to wipe out everything from France’s past The Terror was designed to fight the enemies of the revolution –

“If the spring of popular government in time of peace is virtue, the springs of popular government in revolution are at once virtue and terror: virtue, without which terror is fatal;

terror, without which virtue is powerless.” Robespierre – – Most of the people rounded up were not aristocrats, but ordinary people.

More than 2,100 were executed – mainly those of the 3 rd estate

Terror Ends

• Terror ends when National Committee arrests and executes Robespierre • 1795: Moderate leaders draft 3 rd constitution since 1789 – Places power in hands of upper-middle class – Calls for bi-cameral legislature – Establishes Executive body: The Directory (5 men) • Napoleon Bonaparte is chosen to command French armies

• • • •

Section 3 Napoleon Forges and Empire

What does a “Napoleon complex mean?

Nap. was a small man – 5’3” In 4 years becomes master of France 1796 appointed as leader of French army – Leads fight against Austria

• • • • • • •

Coup d’Etat

According to Webster: A sudden decisive exercise of

force in politics; especially : the violent overthrow or alteration of an existing government by a small group “Blow to the State”

1799 Nap. Drives out members of national legislature Directory dissolves Establishes the Consul of 3 – the 1 st being Nap.

The Consulate made government in France more efficient – abolished most of the remnants of class and privilege. – Nap. creates a meritocracy, advancing men in public service according to their ability, not on their birth. – The feudal system was dead.

Nap. assumes title of dictator – Those who supported him and cooperated were rewarded. – Those believed to be a threat were eliminated.

• • • •

Napoleon Rules

People of France vote in favor of the constitution – Plebiscite: vote of the people Napoleon receives all power – Keeps many of the changes from Rev.

– Supports laws that both strengthen the central gov. and achieve Rev.’s goals Napoleon’s actions 1.

Efficient tax collection 2.

National banking system 3.

4.

Ends corruption an inefficiency in gov.

Sets up Lycees (public run schools for boys) – Religion: Signs a concordat (agreement) with Pope Pius VII – Church is restored but not allowed in national affairs – Nap. gains favor with Church officials

• • • •

Napoleonic Code

N.C.: A civil code that gave post-revolutionary France its first logical set of laws concerning property, colonial affairs, the family, and individual rights.

In March 1804, Nap. makes himself emperor and the Napoleonic Code is approved.

Code’s effects: – Arranged several branches of law,: commercial, and criminal, and divided civil law into categories of property and family. – Freedom of speech and press restricted – Made the authority of men over their families stronger – Deprived women of any individual rights, and reduced the rights of illegitimate children. – All male citizens were granted equal rights under the law and the right to religious dissent – Colonial slavery was reintroduced. Applied to all territories under Napoleon's control plus several other European countries and in South America.

• • • •

Napoleon’s Empire

Nap wants control of Europe and beyond – Louisiana, Florida, French Guiana (South America) and French West Indies – Key to dominance is Saint Dominique (today Haiti) and sugar Word of F.R. inspires enslaved Africans to want freedom – Civil war in S.D. erupts – Led by Toussaint L’Overture – Nap tries to take it back, but loses to disease Effects of S.D. war – Nap offers to sell Lousiana to U.S. (1803 T. Jeff buys land) – Selling land to U.S. assures England will not gain power in America Nap turns attention to Europe – Austria Netherlands, parts of Italy and Switzerland – – Looking to expand: Russia, Austria, Sweden and G.B. join forces Nap crushes his enemies – Austria, Prussia, and Russia sign peace treaties – Only enemy left: Britain

• • • • Naval battle

Battle of Trafalgar

1805 off coast of Spain British fleet divides French fleet Destruction of French fleet by British Navy has two results: – Ensured British naval supremacy for next 100 years – Forced Nap to give up plans of invading Britain

The French Empire

• By 1812 Nap controlled all of Europe except: – Britain, Portugal, Sweden, and Ottoman Empire

Napoleon’s Empire Collapses Section 4

• Three disastrous mistakes – Creating the Continental System – The Peninsular War – Invading Russia

• • •

Continental System

Nap forcibly closes ports to prevent all trade and communication b/t G.B. and other European states Continental System: A failure – supposed to make continental Europe more self-reliant – Designed to cut Britain off from European England sets up own blockade – English navy stronger and forces neutral ships to sale into British harbors – American ships stopped • Causes war of 1812

• • • • •

Peninsular War 1808-1814

Nap invades Portugal via Spain – Why? To get Portugal to join Cont. System Spanish protest and Nap removes Spanish king – Replaces king with his own brother Peasant fighters battle for 6 years – Ambushing French was tactic – Britain aides Spanish with troops Nationalism (loyalty to one’s country) helps fight Napoleon European countries under Nap rule begin to fight back

• • • • • •

Invading Russia 1812

Most disastrous mistake Alexander I refuses to stop selling grain to G.B.

Russia and France both wanted Poland – Nap invades Russia Alex retreats further into Russia – Nap and 600,000 men follow – As Alex retreats: Scorched-earth Policy = burning grain and slaughtering livestock leaving nothing to eat – Nap always lived off the land Nap reaches Moscow with nothing to eat and must retreat. It’s winter – Russian troops continually attacked them as they trudged home.

Anti-Napoleonic forces gathered together. From 1813 and early 1814, Great Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria, drove Napoleon's forces back to France.

The Downfall of Napoleon

• G.B., Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Sweden join forces against Nap • Allied forces defeat Nap in 1813 (outside German city of Leipzig) • 1814: Prussia and Russia enter French capital – Nap abdicates throne – Nap exiled to Elba (island off Italian coast)

The Hundred Days and Battle of Waterloo

• Nap escapes Elba (March, 1815) and returns to France • People welcomed Nap in Paris.

• Took control of government and army and again went to war. • The Quadruple Alliance of Austria, Russia, Prussia and Great Britain defeated Napoleon at Waterloo, Belgium (June 1815). • Napoleon's last bid for power:

The Hundred Days

• G.B. exiles Napoleon to island of St. Helena ( South Atlantic), where he died in 1821.

• Causes: cancer or poisoned

• • • The Congress of Vienna Section 5 Congress of Vienna: meetings in Austria where: – Euro leaders attempt to establish Euro order (early EU?) • Euro leaders try to divide up the continent (borders) Problem with Congress: Two parallel revolutions – The French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution.

First time in history: – Nations of entire continent cooperated to control political affairs – Agreed to come to the aid of other countries if threatened – Created 40 years of peace

• •

Klemens von Metternich

Influential representative in Vienna 3 goals of Metternich: – Prevent future French aggression – Restore balance of power (NO AGGRESSION by any country upon another) – Wanted to restore royal families

Balancing of Powers

• • • • • Leaving France powerless would harm Europe Possible retaliation Euro leaders diminish France’s power Do not allow any one country to overpower another Principle of Legitimacy: – Euro leaders agree to restore royal families of France, Spain, Italy, and Central Europe – Create stability

•

Containment of France

Congress takes steps to strengthen countries surrounding France: – Austrian Netherlands and Dutch Republic united = Netherlands – 39 German states form German Confederation – Switzerland recognized as independent – Kingdom of Sardinia (Italy) strengthened with addition of Genoa

Principle of Legitimacy

• Euro powers agree to restore royal families to power – Creates stability

• • •

Political Changes

Britain and France have constitutional monarchies Russia, Prussia, and Austria – Absolute Monarchs – Worry about revolution Holy Alliance: Russia, Prussia, and Austria – Pledge to base relations on Christian Principles – Create Concert of Europe: alliance b/t countries that ensured one nation would help another in case of revolution

• • • •

Latin America Revolts

After Nap removes king of Spain – Creoles (colonists born in Spanish America) capture American colonies C.O.V. restores king to Spain – Peninsulares (colonists born in Spain) try to regain control of colonies – Spanish king tightens control over American colonies Mexicans revolt and topple Spanish rule, including other Latin Am. Countries.

Brazil declares independence from Portugal

• •

Legacy of Revolution and Congress

F.R.: – First Euro experiment in democratic government – – Set new political ideas in motion Major political upheavals of 1800s have roots in F.R.

– Social attitudes and assumptions about power changed Congress of Vienna: – Influenced world politics for next 100 years – – – Diminished size and power of France Increased power o Britain and Prussia Nationalism in Italy, Germany, Greece increases • Explodes into revolutions – Euro colonies respond to power shift • Spanish colonies declare independence from Spain