File - Walden`s World History
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The French Revolution and
Napoleon
1789-1815
FRENCH REVOLUTION BEGINS
Long
Term Cause
Social
Short
Inequality
Term Cause
Financial
Food
Crisis
Shortages
Unemployment
Inflation
The Old Regime
Under the ancient regime or old order,
everyone in France belonged to one of
thrre classes:
First estate
Second estate
Third estate
First Estate
The Clergy
Higher clergy – aristocrats
Parish Priests – from common (poor) class
Made up ½ -1% of population
Enjoyed enormous wealth and privilege
Owned about 10% of land, collected
tithes, and paid no taxes
Provided some social services
Second Estate
The Nobility
Owned land but had little money income
Hated absolutism
Feared losing traditional privilege,
especially exemption from taxes
Owned 25-30% of land
Third Estate
The Bourgeoisie and Peasants
Peasants were 97% of French
population
Resented privileges of other estates
Burdened by taxes
Earned miserable wages
Faced hunger and starvation
Third Estate - cont
Peasants
75-80% of population
Most owned little or no land
Still burdened by “relics of feudalism”
Bourgeoisie – middle class
8% of population
Own 20-25% of land
Unhappy with privilege of nobles
Impact of Louis XIV
Left France in
great debt
Wars
General rise in
costs
Lavish court very
costly
Economic Trouble
1787 & 1788 – bad harvests & slowdown
in manufacturing
Led to:
food shortages
inflation
unemployment
FR govt – kept spending (war & luxuries)
Marie Antoinette – Queen – spent lots!!!
Louis XVI to the rescue?!?!
Calls for meeting of Estates General
This is the FR Parliament
Has not met in 175 Years!
Why?
Louis want to raise taxes!
The Estates General
Meet @ Versailles May 5, 1789
Each Estate is represented
1st Estate 300 delegates
2nd Estate 300 delegates
3rd Estate 600 delegates
Mostly lawyers, trying to create a Const. Monarchy
Problem – voting
Each Estate gets 1 vote
1st & 2nd Estates almost always vote together
3rd Estate demanded each rep have a vote
The meeting of the Estates General May 5, 1789
National Assembly
King said NO to new form of voting
June 17, 1789 – 3rd Estate renames
themselves the National Assembly and
decides to draft a Constitution
June 20 – Nat’s Assem. find meeting
room door lock, go meet @ tennis court
Tennis Court Oath - vow to meet until a
Constitution is complete
Tennis Court Oath
The National Assembly, considering that it has been summoned to
establish the constitution of the kingdom. . . decrees that all
members of this assembly shall immediately take a solemn oath not
to separate. . . until the constitution of the kingdom is established
on firm foundations. . ."
The Meeting of the Estates
General
France’s economic crisis worsened, bread riots
spread, and nobles denounced royal tyranny.
Louis XVI summoned the Estates General.
The Third Estate declared themselves to be the
National Assembly and invited delegates from the
other two estates to help them write a constitution.
When reform-minded clergy and nobles joined
the Assembly, Louis grudgingly accepted it.
Storming of the Bastille
On July 14, 1789, more than 800
Parisians gathered outside the
Bastille, a medieval fortress used as
a prison. They demanded
gunpowder believed to be stored
there. And thought political
prisoners were being held here.
The commander of the Bastille opened fire on the crowd,
and a battle ensued, in which many people were killed.
The storming of the Bastille quickly became a symbol of the
French Revolution, a blow to tyranny. Only 7 prisoners were
found – none political.
Today, the French still celebrate July 14 as Bastille Day.
The Revolution Begins!!
July 14, 1789 – Storming the Bastille
Start of the French Revolution
Royal Authority collapsed
Riots through France – chateau’s raided
Militia’s form fearing foreign invasion
National Assembly
Moderate phase
1789-1791
National Assembly at Work
Many changes are made
Aug 2, 1789 – vote to abolish rights of
landlords and financial privileges
Aug 26 – adopted ‘Declaration of the
Rights of Man’
Inspired by US Declaration of Independence
Reflected Enlightenment thought
Declaration of Rights of Man
Men are born free and equal in their rights . . These
rights are liberty, property, security and resistance
to oppression.
The fundamental source of all sovereignty resides
in the nation.
The law is the expression of the general will. All
citizens have the right to take part personally, or
through representatives, in the making of the law.
Any citizen can hold public office
No tax exemptions
Freedom of speech & press
Olympe de Gouge
Female author
Fought for the rights of women
Wrote “Declaration of the Rights of
Women”
Demanded women have equal rigths
Ignored by National Assembly
Louis XVI’s Response
Refused to accept
National Assembly
Ignored the
demands of the
public
Did nothing to stop
the starvation of the
masses
Marie Antoinette
15 when she was
married
Became queen at 19
Legend by 20
Danced while
people starved
Gambled, drank,
spent money
extravagantly
Lived the life of a
queen
Life of a common woman
No voice in
government
No food for
family
Bread
shortages
High prices
March to Versailles
Oct 5 – 1000s of Parisian women march
to Versailles – 12 miles
Their children are starving – no bread
Stormed the palace, killed guards
Famous misquote
On the eve of the March
to Versailles, Marie
Antoinette said:
“If they have no bread,
let them eat cake”
NOT TRUE!!!!!
Used as propaganda to
keep hated rep of Marie
on the brains of the
French and the rest of
the world!
Demand to Meet the King
Want him to provide flour for bread
Forced King to accept new decrees
Royal Family agrees to return with
women to Paris to show support for Nat’l
Assembly
Also bring flour
Royals now virtual prisoners in Paris
(Even the kids)
The women of Paris sang:
“We Have the Baker, the Baker’s Wife,
and the Baker’s Son. We Shall Have
Bread.”
The baker was the king who had ordered
that the royal supply of flour be brought
back to Paris as part of the procession.
Review
How did Louis XVI respond to the demands
of the National Assembly?
Why did Parisians hate Marie Antoinette?
Describe the march to Versailles for the
Parisian women
What happened when the women arrived?
What was the outcome of the March to
Versailles?
French Revolution Protest signs
Directions:
Make a protest sign that illustrates
something about your topic. Use as few
words as possible! Slogans would be a
good suggestion. Also, include simple
pictures to illustrate your point.
At least 4 colors – black does not count
Creativity, not artistic ability, will be graded
Be mature! Have fun! Be creative!
Choices:
Taxes
Food Shortage (bread)
Unemployment
Equality
One person, One vote
Rising prices
Tennis Court Oath
Foreign Invasion
Monarchial System
Extravagant
spending
Freedom (Individual)
Court Luxuries
Meeting of the
Estates General
You CAN NOT use this example!
No Bread = More Dead!
Changes by the National Assembly
Catholic Church reformed
Church land seized & sold
Church secularized
Priest & Bishops – elected
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Paid by govt
Many Catholics began to oppose the Rev
New Constitution
Limited Monarchy
With Legislative Assembly to make laws
Elections set up for wealthy to win
All male citizens equal
Men 25 years old and older who paid a
tax could vote
By 1791
Old Order destroyed
New order opposed by:
Catholic priests
Nobles
Lowed class hurt by inc prices
June – King & family try to escape
Caught & returned to Paris
Legislative Assembly
Radical phase
1792-1794
Revolution Become Radical
Paris Commune forms – govt of Paris
Forced Leg. Assembly to call Nat’l Convention
National Convention
Led by Georges Danton
Sans-culottes wanted
revenge for king’s
attempted escape
1000s arrested &
massacred
FATE OF THE KING?
Sept 1792 – Nat’l Conv opened
Decided to draft an new Const
Sept 21 – abolished monarchy
Est – French Republic
Split into factions (sides) about king
Girondins – fear radical, want king alive
Mountains – radical, want king executed
won
OFF WITH THEIR HEADS
Jan 21, 1793 –
King beheaded
Creates new
enemies of
Revolution
Oct 16, 1793 –
Queen
beheaded
CRISIS – Potential Foreign Invasion
King’s
execution outraged Europe’s
leaders
AUST, PR, SP, PORT, BR & Dutch
Rep - Ready to invade FR in1793
FR too weak b/c Nat’l Conv not
supported in all of FR – no unity!
RESPONSE – Committee of Public Safety
• Nat’l Conv forms – Comm of Public Safety
•Committee of 12
•Dominated by Georges Danton,
•Replaced by Maximilien Robespierre
•Solution?
•Reign of Terror
REIGN OF TERROR 1793-94
Acted to defend FR from foreign &
domestic threats
‘If you are not with us, you are against us’
Set up “Revolutionary Courts”
Killed 40,000 (16,000 guillotined)
Many were peasants against Sans-Culottes
Target rebellious cities (Lyon, Nantes)
Claimed when crisis was over a “Republic
of Virtue” would follow
REPUBLIC OF VIRTUE
Robespierre’s idea
All people titled “Citizen”
Inspired by Ancient Rome
Rejected Christianity
“Reason”
for
New Calendar (no Christian references)
Notre Dame “Temple of Reason
Failed – FR very Catholic
A NATION AT WAR
Revolution still going
Foreign armies invade again
FR fields 1 million man army (largest ever in Eur)
Summer 1794 – FR pushed back invaders
Decreases need for Reign of Terror
But Robespierre keeps it going
Obsessed with ridding FR of “corruption”
Out of control?
END OF THE TERROR
National Convention
decided to act
Robespierre
sentenced to
guillotine
Reign of Terror
ended
Churches reopened
CONSTITUTION OF 1795
Est National Legislative Assembly (2 houses)
The Directory – executive committee
Legislators elected
Only 30,000 land owners/renters could vote
Ruled w/legislature
Very corrupt
Can’t solve economic problems
Use military force to stay in power
People start to want monarchy back!
BACK TO WHERE WE STARTED
1799 – Coup d’etat
- overthrow of
government
Led by Napoleon
Bonaparte
Toppled Directory
Age of Napoleon
1799-1815
SETTING THE SCENE
Napoleon Bonaparte was born in Corsica, a Frenchruled island in the Mediterranean. His family were minor nobles,
but had little money. At age nine, he was sent to France to be
trained for a military career. When the revolution broke out, he
was an ambitious 20-year-old lieutenant, eager to make a name
for himself.
MILITARY SUCCESSES
1792 – became a captain
1794 – made Brigadier General (24 yrs old)
1796 led FR armies in Italy
Won by using speed, deception & surprise
Returned to FR a hero
Given job of invading BR
Knows FR isn’t ready
Hits BR in Egypt
LEADS FRANCE
Led Coup d’etat, overthrowing Directory
1799 -Created Consulate (A Republic?)
3 man government
Nap was 1st Consul,
held absolute power
1802 – made Consul
for Life
BACK WHERE THEY STARTED
1804 –
Napoleon
crowned
himself
Emperor
DOMESTIC POLICIES
Makes peace with Catholic Church
Napoleonic Codes
Organized laws onto 7 codes
Preserved gains of FR Rev
New Bureaucracy
New Aristocracy
Based on ability
Based on merit
Nap ruled as Absolutist
NAPOLEON’S EMPIRES
GRAND EMPIRE
1807-1812 – Nap master of Europe
3 PARTS
French Empire – France
Dependant States – under rule of Nap’s
relatives
Allied States – defeated by Nap & forced to
fight BR
Incl – SP, Holland, IT…
Incl – PR, Aust, RU…
Spread FR culture & ideas (Nationalism)
EUROPE’S RESPONSE TO NAPOLEON
2 Major
Reasons for
collapse of Nap
Survival of
Britain
Nationalism
BATTLING BRITAIN
• In 1805, Napoleon tried to invade
England but his fleet was destroyed at
the Battle of
Trafalgar
•Napoleon
needs to find
a non-military
way to defeat
Britain.
CONTINENTAL SYSTEM
Napoleon waged
economic warfare
through the
Continental
System, which
closed European
ports to British
goods
Failed:
1. Allied States resented Nap controlling their trade
2. BR began selling to new markets (Mid East…
NATIONALISM
Nap pushed FR culture
& Rev ideas on areas
he conquered
Had opposite impact
Conquered areas
began to rally
against Fr
Inc patriotism of their
own against FR
FALL OF NAPOLEON - RUSSIA
Russia refuse to follow
Continental system
Nap, afraid others
would follow –
planned to invade RU
RU refused to fight –
retreated
Strategic
Nap found Moscow on
fire
No food for Nap’s
troops
NAPOLEON’S DEFEAT
Only 40,000 of
Nap’s troops
survived
Eur sees
opportunity to
attack Fr
March 1814 –
Paris captured
Monarchy
restored – Louis
XVIII
Nap exiled to
Elba
NAPOLEON RETURNS
New King – not well liked
Nap escaped from Elba, goes back to FR
King sends troops to
capture Nap
Troops joined Nap
Napoleon & his new
army enter Paris
King flees
THE FINAL DEFEAT
Nap moves to defeat army that defeated
him – heads to Belgium
June 18 – Waterloo
Nap defeated by
Duke of
Wellington (BR)
Nap exiled to
St. Helena