Transcript Slide 1

Practical Skills: Paraphrasing
Beth Oyler
Writing Instructor and Webinar
Coordinator
Walden Writing Center
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Objectives
Define paraphrasing and its importance
Compare quoting and paraphrasing
Identify strategies for paraphrasing
Apply strategies in paraphrasing practice
Paraphrasing: What it is and why it matters
Definition
• Presents key points of an author’s idea(s)
in a new way
•Uses your own words and sentence
structure
• Gives you deeper understanding of
source and topic
Importance
• Shows critical thinking
• Identical to original
• Narrow (1+ lines)
• Cited
• Quotation marks
• Author/year
• Page/paragraph #
Paraphrase
Quotation
Paraphrasing: One form of evidence
• Your own words &
sentence structure
• Shorter than original
• Narrow
• Cited
• Author/year
Paraphrasing: Strategies for practice
Read passage until
you understand its
meaning
Cite source in your
paraphrase
Consider context of
assignment: What will
you do with this
evidence?
Look away from passage
to write main points of
what you read
Paraphrasing: Example
“The levels of breast and cervical cancer screening in Nebraska primary care remain
suboptimal despite awareness of their importance, and despite implementation of
the Every Woman Matters program to assist low-income women. The GAPS model
was used to develop a practice-based intervention to identify and reduce barriers to
delivery of breast and cervical cancer screening services.” (Backer et al., 2005, p. 405)
Although the Every Woman Matters program has be implemented,
women are still not taking advantage of screenings in Nebraska (Backer
et al., 2005). To help solve this issue, Backer et al. (2005) used the
GAPS model to improve the use of cancer screenings.
Questions?
Paraphrasing: Practice exercises
Read each passage.
Write your paraphrase.
Type or copy your paraphrase into the
Q&A box.
Paraphrasing: Popular Source
“Stressful life events can cause insomnia, too. But if people become overly
fixated on their inability to sleep, it leads to hours in bed trying to force sleep to
come, which, in turn, causes anxiety and arousal. Over time, this pattern can
become ingrained so that the insomnia persists long after the original stressor has
passed. If you can’t sleep, relocate to another room to do something relaxing like
reading until you feel sleepy…
Not including over-the-counter sleeping pills, Americans received prescriptions
for over 60 million hypnotic medications in 2011, according to IMS Health which
tracks healthcare statistics. Side effects of these sleeping pills include next-day
drowsiness, dependence, and loss of efficacy over time. … If a self-help approach
does not do the trick, a sleep expert can guide you through a non-pharmacological
program called cognitive behavioral therapy that studies show is as effective as
prescription hypnotics in treating chronic insomnia.” (Mosko, 2013, para. 9-10)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Read passage until you understand its meaning.
Choose an idea(s) to focus on.
Look away from passage to write its main points.
Cite source in your paraphrase.
Paraphrasing: Popular Source
“Stressful life events can cause insomnia, too. But if people become overly fixated on
their inability to sleep, it leads to hours in bed trying to force sleep to come, which, in turn,
causes anxiety and arousal. Over time, this pattern can become ingrained so that the
insomnia persists long after the original stressor has passed. If you can’t sleep, relocate to
another room to do something relaxing like reading until you feel sleepy. …
Not including over-the-counter sleeping pills, Americans received prescriptions for over
60 million hypnotic medications in 2011, according to IMS Health which tracks healthcare
statistics. Side effects of these sleeping pills include next-day drowsiness, dependence, and
loss of efficacy over time. … If a self-help approach does not do the trick, a sleep expert can
guide you through a non-pharmacological program called cognitive behavioral therapy that
studies show is as effective as prescription hypnotics in treating chronic insomnia.” (Mosko,
2013, para. 9-10)
Paraphrase A: Insomnia can become like a habit that stays with people
over time, particularly if a person continually fails to fall asleep
immediately (Mosko, 2013). If a habit of insomnia does develop, people
have multiple options. One option is sleeping pills, but these types of
medications have various negative side effects (Mosko, 2013). A person
can also pursue behavioral therapy using a sleep expert (Mosko, 2013).
Popular Source Comparison
Paraphrase A
Insomnia can become like a habit that stays with people over time,
particularly if a person continually fails to fall asleep immediately
(Mosko, 2013). If a habit of insomnia does develop, people have
multiple options. One option is sleeping pills, but these types of
medications have various negative side effects (Mosko, 2013). A person
can also pursue behavioral therapy using a sleep expert (Mosko, 2013).
Paraphrase B
Recognizing that stress can trigger insomnia, Mosko (2013) advised
against using prescription drugs to address the condition. Instead,
people experiencing insomnia should make behavioral changes, such as
leaving bed to read in another room or taking part in therapy programs,
to return to restful sleep.
Paraphrasing: Scholarly Source 1
“Prevention can be categorized into three components. Primary
prevention is concerned with health promotion activities, which prevent the
actual occurrence of a specific illness or disease. Secondary prevention
promotes early detection or screening and treatment of disease and
limitation of disability. This level of prevention is also called health
maintenance. Tertiary prevention is directed at recovery or rehabilitation of
a disease or conditions after the disease has developed. Physical activity, as
one the most important components of cardiovascular disease prevention,
has crucial roles at all three levels. Despite the strong evidence linking
physical activity to cardiovascular disease risk reduction, there remains
much uncertainty regarding the underlying mechanisms.” (Golbidi & Laher,
2012, pp. 1-2)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Read passage until you understand its meaning.
Choose an idea(s) to focus on.
Look away from passage to write its main points.
Cite source in your paraphrase.
Paraphrasing: Scholarly Source 1
“Prevention can be categorized into three components. Primary prevention is
concerned with health promotion activities, which prevent the actual occurrence of
a specific illness or disease. Secondary prevention promotes early detection or
screening and treatment of disease and limitation of disability. This level of
prevention is also called health maintenance. Tertiary prevention is directed at
recovery or rehabilitation of a disease or conditions after the disease has
developed. Physical activity, as one the most important components of
cardiovascular disease prevention, has crucial roles at all three levels. Despite the
strong evidence linking physical activity to cardiovascular disease risk reduction,
there remains much uncertainty regarding the underlying mechanisms.” (Golbidi &
Laher, 2012, pp. 1-2)
Paraphrase A: Prevention of cardiovascular disease can be discussed
as having three facets: health promotion activities, early detection
and treatment, and recovery (Golbidi & Laher, 2012). Although it is
not fully understood yet, physical activity is the clearest path to
prevention (Golbidi & Laher, 2012).
Scholarly Source 1 Comparison
Paraphrase A
Prevention of cardiovascular disease can be discussed as having three
facets: health promotion activities, early detection and treatment, and
recovery (Golbidi & Laher, 2012). Although it is not fully understood
yet, physical activity is the clearest path to prevention (Golbidi & Laher,
2012).
Paraphrase B
Golbidi and Laher (2012) described three approaches to preventing
cardiovascular disease: (a) acting in healthy ways to prevent the
disease, (b) diagnosing and managing the disease in its early stages,
and (c) recovering after disease advancement. Although exercise plays
an important role in these approaches, researchers do not yet know
the full extent of that role.
Paraphrasing: Scholarly Source 2
“Through collaboration experiences, pre-service teachers also acknowledged the
importance of applying their knowledge about educational technology in authentic
settings (e.g., Cuckle and Clarke, 2002 and Tearle and Golder, 2008). According to Angeli
and Valanides (2009), collaboration with peers appeared to provide a low threatening
learning environment for pre-service teachers that can reduce anxiety and failure
avoidance. In this respect, Clift et al. (2001) concluded that programme designers should
deliberately create experiences in which pre-service teachers share their attitudes and
abilities with one another. These types of engaging experiences lead pre-service
teachers to a better understanding of the link between theories and teaching practices
(Sang et al., 2010). At the same time, the pre-service teachers’ qualitative comments
indicate that on-going and process-oriented feedback of experts were beneficial to
building their abilities to use technology in the classroom (Angeli and Valanides, 2009
and O’Reilly, 2003).” (Tondeur et al., 2012, p. 142)
Theses:
1.
2.
3.
4.
A. Teachers’ use of technology
may be improved by more
Read passage until you understand its meaning.
collaboration.
Choose a thesis to paraphrase for.
B. Teachers’ use of technology
Look away from passage to write its main points.
may be improved through
Cite source in your paraphrase.
more in-depth feedback.
Writing Center Resources
Effective Paraphrasing
(webpage)
“A Lesson in Time
Management—Oh Yeah,
and Paraphrasing”
(blog entry)
Questions
Now:
Type into the Question box
Later: Didn’t get to your question? Enter it in
the survey after the webinar closes.
Anytime: [email protected]
References
Backer, E. L., Geske, J. A., McIlvain, H. E., Dodendorf, D. M., & Minier, W. C. (2005).
Improving female preventive health care delivery through practice change: An
every woman matters study. JABFM, 18(5), 401-408. doi:10.3122/jabfm.18.5.401
Golbidi, S., & Laher, I. (2012). Review article: Exercise and the cardiovascular system.
Cardiology Research and Practice, 2012, 1-15. doi: 10.1155/2012/210852
Mosko, S. (2013, May/June). Beyond counting sheep: The do’s and don’ts of natural
sleep. E: The Environmental Magazine, 24(3). Retrieved from
http://www.emagazine.com/magazine/beyondcounting-sheep
Tondeur, J., van Braak, J., Sang, G., Voogt, J., Fisser, P., & Ottenbreit-Leftwich, A.
(2012). Preparing pre-service teachers to integrate technology in education: A
synthesis of qualitative evidence. Computers and Education, 59, 134-144.
doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2011.10.009