Transcript Living Things - Somerset Area School District

Protists and Fungi
Table of Contents
Protists
Algal Blooms
Fungi
Protists and Fungi
Kingdom Protista
-Protists—simple one-celled or manycelled organisms that live in moist, wet
environments.
1. Their cells are eukaryotic.
2. They can be animal-like, plant-like or
fungus-like.
Protists and Fungi
Animal-like Protists
-Animal-like protists —also known as protozoans.
*All are complex, one-celled organisms.
*Many species are found living in water,
soil, or within living or dead organisms.
*All are heterotrophs and can not make food.
*Classified into four groups based on how they
move.
Protists and Fungi
Animal-like Protists: Amoeba
1. Amoebas are sarcodines that live in
either water or soil. They feed on
bacteria and other protists. They move
using a false foot known as a
pseudopod. They change shape as
they move.
Protists and Fungi - Protists
Animal-Like Protists
Protists and Fungi
Animal-like Protists: Paramecium
2. Paramecia are ciliates that live mostly
in fresh water. They feed on bacteria
and smaller protists. They move using
hair-like structures known as cilia.
Protists and Fungi - Protists
Animal-Like Protists
Protists and Fungi - Protists
Amoeba and Paramecium Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and
access Active Art of an amoeba and a paramecium.
Protists and Fungi
Animal-like Protists
3. Flagellates--Animal-like protists that move by
using one or many tail-like structures known
as flagella.
*Some live inside other organisms.
Example: flagellates live inside termites and
help them digest wood; termites provide
protection for the flagellate. This is an
example of mutualism.
Protists and Fungi
Symbiosis and Mutualism
Note: Symbiosis —when two organisms
live together
Mutualism—a special type of
symbiosis where
both organisms benefit
Protists and Fungi
Animal-like Protists
4. Sporozoans--Animal-like protists that live as
parasites.
*Most feed on blood of human or animal hosts.
*Malaria is caused by a sporozoan transmitted
through the bite of the Anopheles Mosquito.
Anopheles mosquito
Protists and Fungi - Protists
Algae
Click the Video button to watch a movie about algae.
Protists and Fungi
Plant-like Protists
-Plant-like protists —also known as algae.
*They can be one-celled, many-celled or
live in colonies.
*They all contain chlorophyll and are
autotrophs (can make food).
*Most species are a part of the plankton in
lakes and oceans.
*Six different groups:
Protists and Fungi
Plant-like Protists: Euglena
1. Euglena--a common euglenoid that
lives in fresh water. In sunlight, many
can make their own food. Without
sunlight, they can eat food. (So they
can be plant-like or animal-like in some
ways.)
Protists and Fungi - Protists
Plantlike Protists
Protists and Fungi
Plant-like Protists
2. Diatoms--plant-like unicellular protists found
in lakes and oceans.
*Most have golden-brown pigments
that hide their green chlorophyll.
*Covered by shells that contain silica.
*Used to make road paint,insulation,
filters, and toothpaste.
*Come in many shapes and patterns.
*Form diatomaceous earth when they die.
Protists and Fungi
Plant-like Protists
3. Dinoflagellates--plant-like protist with
red pigments.
*Also known as “fire algae”.
*All are one-celled.
*All have two flagella and spin as
they move.
*Found in salt-water
*Can cause “Red Tides”
Protists and Fungi
Plant-like Protists
4. Green Algae--plant-like protists that
contain chlorophyll and are very diverse.
*Can be one-celled, many-celled or live
in colonies.
*Found in fresh water, salt water or on
land.
Protists and Fungi
Plant-like Protists
5. Red Algae -- plant-like protist that
lives in the deep ocean.
*All are many-celled.
*All are red in color.
*Used to make toothpaste and
pudding creamy, to make agar and
hair conditioner, or eaten fresh,
dried or toasted.
Protists and Fungi - Protists
Plantlike Protists
6. Brown Algae --giant kelps are
examples.
*They live in shallow ocean waters.
*All are many-celled and grow very
tall—100m.
*Used to make ice cream and
marshmallows.
Protists and Fungi
Algal Blooms
Algal Bloom —rapid growth of a population of algae in
either saltwater or freshwater.
Saltwater blooms—also known as Red Tides.
An increase in nutrients or water temperature
causes the algae population to increase. Toxins
produced by the algae build up in fish and shellfish.
Organisms that eat these fish (including us) can
become sick or die.
1.
Protists and Fungi
Algal Blooms
2. Freshwater blooms —Nutrients, like nitrogen
and phosphorus, build up in lakes or ponds
and cause algae to increase producing a green
scum on the surface water. This is known as
eutrophication. Sunlight can’t reach plants
below so they die; bacteria decompose
them and use up all the oxygen so fish die. All
that lives is algae on the surface.
Protists and Fungi
Causes of Eutrophication
-Human activities can cause eutrophication:
*Fertilizer run-off into lakes and streams.
*Sewage run-off into lakes and streams.
Protists and Fungi
Fungus-like Protists
-Fungus-like protists —also known as
slime molds and water molds. They
have features of both protists and fungi.
Slime mold
Water Mold
Protists and Fungi
End of Section:
Protists
Protists and Fungi - Algal Blooms
Comparing and Contrasting
As you read, compare and contrast the two types of algal
blooms in a table like the one below.
Algal Blooms
Properties
Causes
Effects
Saltwater Blooms
Increase in nutrients or
temperature
Freshwater Blooms
Nutrients build up, causing
a rapid increase in algae
growth.
Toxins concentrated in fish
and shellfish that eat algae
can cause illness to people
and other large organisms
when they consume the
fish or shellfish.
Fish and other organisms
in the water die.
Protists and Fungi - Algal Blooms
Links on Algae
Click the SciLinks button for links on algae.
Protists and Fungi
End of Section:
Algal Blooms
Protists and Fungi - Fungi
What Are Fungi?
-Most fungi are many celled
eukaryotes that can not make food and
can not move around.
*They get food by decomposing dead
organic matter
(saprophytes)
*Some get food from living hosts
(parasites)
*They use spores to reproduce.
*The cells of most fungi are arranged
in a structure called hyphae.
Protists and Fungi - Fungi
What Are Fungi?
-Absorb food through hyphae that grow into the food
source.
2. Often, hyphae grow
1. Hyphae are threadlike tubes of
cytoplasm that
contain many nuclei.
Substances move
quickly and freely
through the hyphae.
It is the largest part
of the fungus.
underground and may
join to form above
ground structures like
mushroom caps.
Protists and Fungi
Reproduction in Fungi
Fungi reproduce both asexually and sexually.
*Reproduce asexually by forming spores or by
budding.
1. Spores are microscopic
2. Produced inside fruiting bodies.
3. Appearance of fruiting bodies varies.
4. Budding occurs mostly in yeast cells.
*Reproduce sexually when hyphae of two different
fungi grow together and exchange genetic material.
Protists and Fungi
Classification of Fungi
-Three major groups:
*Club Fungi —mushrooms, bracket
fungi, rusts and puffballs. They
produce spores in club-shaped
structures. Most poisonous fungi
are in this group.
*Sac Fungi —yeasts, morels and
truffles. They produce spores in
sac-shaped structures.
*Zygote Fungi —fruit and bread molds.
They produce spores in round spore
cases.
Protists and Fungi
Role of Fungi in Nature
-Fungi play many roles in nature:
*Decomposers and recyclers—break
down dead plant and animal matter
and return nutrients to soil.
Protists and Fungi
*Food providers
1. Yeast used to make bread and wine
2. Some molds used to make cheese
3. Some mushrooms are edible (some
are very poisonous)
Protists and Fungi
*Fight disease —penicillin is made from
the fungus, Penicillium, discovered by
Alexander Fleming in 1928. Many other
antibiotics are also made from fungi.
Protists and Fungi
*Cause disease —fungi cause plant
diseases like Dutch elm disease.
Athlete’s foot and ringworm are
also caused by a fungus.
*Fungus-Plant Root Association
helps plants grow better. Hyphae
absorb water and nutrients for plant,
plant makes more food for fungus.
*Lichens—fungus and algae or (bacteria)
growing together. Algae makes food for
fungus; fungus improves living conditions
for algae. Known as a “pioneer species”.
Protists and Fungi - Fungi
Fungi and Trees
A biologist conducted an
experiment to see how rootassociated fungi affect the
growth of four different tree
species. Each species was
divided into two groups–trees
grown with root-associated
fungi and trees grown without
the fungi.
Protists and Fungi - Fungi
Fungi and Trees
Reading Graphs:
How did the biologist
measure tree growth?
By measuring average
height in meters
Protists and Fungi - Fungi
Fungi and Trees
Interpreting Data:
For each species, which
group of trees showed
more growth?
Those grown with rootassociated fungi.
Protists and Fungi - Fungi
Fungi and Trees
Calculating:
What is the average
height difference between
sour orange trees that
grew with root-associated
fungi and those that grew
without fungi?
About 5 meters
Protists and Fungi - Fungi
Fungi and Trees
Calculating:
What is the height
difference between
avocado trees that grew
with and without the
fungi?
About 1.5 meters
Protists and Fungi - Fungi
Fungi and Trees
Drawing Conclusions:
Based on this experiment,
how do root-associated
fungi affect tree growth?
Root-associated fungi
improve or enhance tree
growth.
Protists and Fungi - Fungi
Asking Questions
Before you read, preview the red headings. In a graphic
organizer like the one below, ask a what or how question for
each heading. As you read, write the answers to your
questions.
Question
Answer
What are fungi?
Fungi are eukaryotes that have cell
walls, are heterotrophs that feed by
absorbing their food, and use spores
to reproduce.
How do fungi reproduce?
Fungi reproduce by making spores.
What is the role of fungi in nature?
Fungi are important decomposers
and recyclers.
Protists and Fungi - Fungi
Fungi
Click the Video button to watch a movie about fungi.
Protists and Fungi - Fungi
Links on Fungi
Click the SciLinks button for links on fungi.
Protists and Fungi
End of Section:
Fungi
Protists and Fungi
Graphic Organizer
Excess nutrients flow into a lake.
Algal growth increases.
Layer of algae prevents sunlight from reaching plants and
other algae beneath. These plants and algae die.
Decomposers increase in number and use up
oxygen in the water.
Fish and other organisms in the water die.
Protists and Fungi
End of Section:
Graphic Organizer