Transcript PUBLIC TRANSPORT POLICY FOR CENTRAL CITY TRAVEL IN …

Road pricing in practice
Jan Owen Jansson
Road pricing cost and revenue in four cities
and possible cost drivers
Total running
costs per year
including user
costs of
electronic tags
in Oslo and invehicle units
in Singapore
Total charging
system
development and
investment costs
(starting year
within brackets)
LONDON
Original
charging zone
€151M
€227M (2003)
€267M
STOCKHOLM
€30M
€180M (2006)
OSLO
€15M
SINGAPORE
€11M
CITY
Number of
charging
zone
entrance
gantries
Number of motor
vehicles entering
the charging zone
during charging
hours per
weekday
21 km2
–
260 000
€100M
22 km2
18
190 000
€31M (1991)
€138M
40 km2
19
260 000
€77M (1998)
€51M
17 km2*
50
260 000
* Central city within the inner charging cordon
Total
revenue
per year
from
charges
Charging
zone area
Automatic registration and identification at a control
station along the cordon of the Stockholm congestion
charging zone (Source: www.transportstyrelsen.se)
Diagrammatic illustration of revenue and benefits in the
Stockholm trial
Two cases of inelastic and elastic demand
for road space
Total charge collection costs, revenue and net social
Benefits of congestion charging in London and Stockholm,
€ millions per year
CHARGING AREA AND PERIOD
Original charging zone before the price rise
(Evans 2007)1)
Charge
collection
costs
including
user
compliance
costs
Revenue
including
penalty
payments
Net social
benefits
181
250
315
The result of the seven-month trial in 2006 put
on an annual basis, Transek (2006)
27
67
83
Ditto, SIKA (2006)
56
67
49
1) The report by Reg Evans, prepared for the Congestion Charging Modelling and Evaluation
Team of Transport for London, “brings together various previous estimates by transport for
London from a number of sources and takes account of the latest guidance from the Department
for Transport on economic evaluation. It also responds to the preliminary evaluations of the
congestion charging scheme prepared and published by others” (Evans 2007, page1).
Numbers in Stockholm municipality
525000
Jobs
130000
Total car commuters
35000
Company car commuters
25000
Own car commuters using the car in work so much that they
are exempted from free parking benefit taxation
10000
Statements from employers to tax authorities of employee
income including taxable free parking benefit in 2004
20000
Ditto in 2005
50000 - 60000
Hidden statistics (car commuters paying market prices for their
parking, car commuters invited to free parking, illegal parking)
Effects on car commuting in the samples of two
independent questionaires in 2006 and 2007
Because of
congestion charging
2006 (The Stockholm
trial)
increased parking cost
2007
Stopped using car
to/from work altogether
14%
11%
Partial reduction of car
use
12%
8%
Source: Michael Stjärnekull and Jenny Widell: Förmånsbeskattning av
Arbetsplatsparkering – trafikeffekter. SWECO VBB, 2008
CONGESTION COSTS in the three largest cities
in USA
Population in metropolitan area, million
Rush hours per
workday
Total congestion
cost per year, billion
dollars
Total public
transport passenger
km per year, billion
1)
New York
Los Angeles
Chicago
18
13
10
6 hours
8 hours
8 hours
$ 6.8 Mdr
$ 10.7 Mdr
$ 6.3 Mdr
30 Mdr 1)
4.5 Mdr
3.5 Mdr
Motsvarande siffra för Sverige totalt är 20 Mdr
Källa: Texas Transportation Institute Urban mobility report 2003
Proportion of total households not
owning a car
All USA
8%
New York City
54 %
Manhattan
75 %
Source: “Highlights of the 2001 National Household Travel Survey”,
Bureau of Transportation Statistics, US Department of Transportation
Modal split of travel to/from work in
New York City, %
Public transport
-subway
-bus
-Rail
-Ferry (between Manhattan and Staten Island)
54,5
32
14
8
0,5
Car
-driver
-passenger
30
6
Taxi
1
Bicycle
0,5
Walk
8
Source: United States Census Bureau: 2004 American Community Survey
New York City and surrounding
suburbs
The Mayor’s plan
Half of Manhattan
PARKING PRICE (P) INCLUDING CONGESTION
CHARGE
P=a+bT
a = fixed charge corresponding to the
congestion charge at present levied at
the cordon of the charging zone
b = parking fee per hour
T = time of parking