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INTER-AMERICAN
WATER DAY
IAWD - 2005
Organización
Panamericana
de la Salud
2005
INTRODUCTION
• International Decade for Action: “Water for Life, 2005-2015”1
• In September 2000, “Millennium Summit” → 189 Member States,
including 147 Heads of State, adopted the Millennium Declaration
giving rise to the Millennium Development Goals - MDG2
• In November 2003, in Brasilia, “High-level conference” → “Brasilia
Declaration”, is a call for action and implementation that reinforces
the principle of association inherent in the Millennium Declaration
and in the agreements reached at former Summit Meeting of the
Americas.
1 http://www.un.org/spanish/events/waterday/2005
2 http://www.unmillenniumproject.org
Organización
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2005
INTRODUCTION
• In Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) one in four people
does not have access to water and sanitation
• In the areas and communities of the Region most affected by
inequities, -where the average is one in two people does not
have access to water and sanitation
Organización
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2005
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
(MDG)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Erradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
Achieve universal primary education.
Promote gender equity and empower women.
Reduce child mortality.
Improve maternal health.
Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases.
Ensure environmental sustainability.
–
Target 10. Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without
sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.
(Indicator defined by JMP)
–
Target 11. By 2020, to have achieved a significant
improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum-dwellers
(Indicators defined by UN-HABITAT. Se prevé joint report with
JMP)
Develop a global alliance for development.
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MONITORING THE TARGETS
JMP 3, WHO and UNICEF, evaluates the process of reaching Target
10 - MDG
•
•
•
JMP is based on household surveys and/or population census in
the countries
When this type of data is not available does the JMPE use data
from service providers in the countries
JMP uses indicators of access or coverage:
–
–
Percentage of the population [urban and rural] using improved drinking
water sources
Percentage of the population [urban and rural] using improved sanitation
facilities
3 JMP: Joint Monitoring Program, http://www.wssinfo.org
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MONITORING THE TARGETS
Technological options in monitoring indicators
Target 10 MDG (JMP, 2004)
Water Supply
Sanitation
Improved
Unimproved
Improved
- Piped connection
into dwelling, plot,
or yard;
- Public tap or
standpipe;
- Borehole;
- Protected dug well;
- Protected spring;
- Rainwater.
- Unprotected well;
- Unprotected spring;
- Vendor-provided
water;
- Bottled water;
- Tanker truckprovider water;
- River, stream,
pond, or lake.
- Connection to public
sewer or septic tank;
- Pour-flush latrine;
- Pit latrine with slab;
- VIP latrine;
- Ecological sanitation.
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Unimproved
-
Service or
bucket latrine;
- Traditional
latrine;
- Public latrine or
shared toiled;
- Open pit or pit
latrine
without a slab;
Open defecation in
bush or field.
2005
MONITORING THE TARGETS
•
According to the JMP :
–
–
–
–
–
Drinking water is that used for domestic purposes, including water used
for drinking and hygiene
If more than 30 minutes are needed for a round trip from a water source in
rural areas
A lower quantity of water tends to be collected that the required for basic
needs
The monitoring instruments in use do not consider neither the cost,
continuity of the service, nor the quality of the water at the source or in the
household.
“Improved Drinking Water Sources” may already be contaminated or, if
there is no household connection or the service is not continuous, water
may be contaminated during transport or inadequate household storage.
Organización
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2005
MONITORING THE TARGETS
•
The JMP recognizes that a better definition of sanitation should
include aspects of
–
–
–
–
•
•
Good service,
privacy,
cleanliness and
Healthy settings.
The indicator does not take into account the disposal of sludge
from septic tanks or effluents from sewerages, a risk to public
health, ecosystems and people’s environment and their
competitiveness in trade and tourism.
Other monitoring instruments are required to collect information
on these aspects.
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MONITORING THE TARGETS
•
Since 2003, the JMP has had an advisory group which includes
academicians and experts in sectorial and monitoring aspects. In
addition to its current functions, the JMP will work on:
– A report on drinking water and sanitation in marginal urban
areas, with UN-HABITAT,
– A report on the scale and impact of poor management of
wastewater, with UNEP,
– Strengthening the monitoring and evaluation capacities of the
countries. This should contribute to identify overcome and
the problems of equity and quality of the services, which are
not detected during the global monitoring.
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WATER FOR CHILDREN’S LIFE
WHO: Health, rather than absence of disease
is a state of psychic, physical, and social
welfare which enables human development
Consequently, infant mortality indicators are valuable as long as they
simultaneously reflect improvements in other aspects affecting infant
health –such as growth, neuro-psychic development, and learning ability;
emotional maturity and the ability to have a place in the family and
community; among others 4.
4 Chapter VII of the Millennium Development Goals in LAC. Challenges, Actions and
Commitments. IABD, 2004.
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WATER FOR CHILDREN’S LIFE
PERCENTAGE OF DEATH ATTRIBUTABLE TO DIARRHOEAL DISEASES
BY AGE GROUP AND REGION
DEVELOPING
REGIONS
0.3%
2.7%
DEVELOPED
REGIONS
9.0%
0.5%
6.8%
5.8%
90.2%
< 5 YEAR
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84.7%
5-14 YEARS
15-59 YEARS
60+ YEARS
Source: JMP (2005), Water for Life. Making it Happen
2005
WATER FOR CHILDREN’S LIFE
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN LACK OF IMPROVED SOURCES OF DRINKING WATE AND
SANITATION FACILITIES, AND DEATHS ATTRIBUTABLE TO DIARRHOEAL DISEASES
(< 1 YEAR PER 1000 NACIDOS VIVOS)
INFANT
MORTALITY
25
20
Sub-Saharan Africa
Central Asia
15
10
Oceania
Western Asia
South East Asia
Western Africa
Latin America and the Caribbean
5
Asia oriental
Access
Deficit
Eurasia
Developed regions
0
0%
10%
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20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Source: JMP (2005), Water for Life. Making it Happen
2005
WATER FOR CHILDREN’S LIFE
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN INFANT MORTALITY AND ACCESS TO DRINKING
WATER AND SANITATION
Source: Adapted from Otterstetter, H., Galvão, L. A., Witt, V., et al. (2001) Health Equity in
Organización Relation to Safe Drinking Water Supply, en Equity and Health: Views from the Pan American
Panamericana Sanitary Bureau, pp. 99-114, based on data from i) PAHO (2003), Indicadores básicos de salud
de la Salud
en las Américas and ii) JMP (2004), Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation Target. A
Mid-Term Assessment of Progress
2005
WATER FOR LIFE – AND FOR LIVING
LIFELONG
• Diarrhea is not the only water-related disease that
limits children’s development.
• Access to drinking water and sanitation services
and improvements in hygiene practices helps to
reduce health risk associated with parasites,
such as schistosomiasis and helminthiasis.
• A better integrated water resource management
helps to reduce the risk of transmission of
diseases associated with mosquitoes, such as
malaria and dengue.
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WATER FOR LIFE – AND FOR LIVING
LIFELONG
• Millions of families in LAC pay the cost of not
having access to adequate drinking water and
sanitation services every day.
• When they are ill, they cannot work and need
care from other members of the family.
• Collecting water involves waste of time and
energy. This limits the quality of life and
productivity, which generally affects women more
than men.
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WATER FOR LIFE AND ECONOMIC
BENEFITS
COST/BENEFIT OF INTERVENTIONS SCENARIOS IN
WATER AND SANITATION IN LAC
Scenarios
(Access and/or level of service by 2015 in
LAC)
Annual
Cost1
Annual
Benefit1
Benefit/
Cost
1. Reduce by 50% deficit in access to water.
171
2199
12.8
2. Reduce in 50% deficit in access to water and
sanitation (according to Target 10 of the MDG)
.
788
9635
12.2
3. Reduce in 100% deficit in water and
sanitation.
1577
22532
14.3
4. Universal access to water and sanitation
(scenario 3) plus disinfection of water at point
of use.
1937
38129
19.7
5. Universal access to regulated water and
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wastewater.
14085
69223
4.9
1
Annual costs and benefits in millions of USD at 2000 values
2005
WATER FOR LIFE AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS
ESTIMATED BENEFIT OF INTERVENTIONS IN WATER AND SANITATION
ASSOCIATED WITH SCENARIO 2. (MDG TARGET 10 IN LAC, ACCORDING TO JMP
INDICATOR)
Others
17.0%
Health sector
8.0%
Medical
treatment
0.2%
Productivity
0.8%
Deaths prevented
1.1%
Ahorro de tiempo
72.9%
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Source: Hutton, G, and Heller, L. Evaluation of the costs and benefits of water
and sanitation improvements at global level. WHO, 2004; JMP, 2005
2005
ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY
ACCESS TO IMPROVED DRINKING WATER SOURCES
IN LAC (JMP, WHO-UNICEF, 2004)
Million inhabitants
With access
Area
Proportion of the population (%)
Without
access
2002
Home
2002
Others
2002
Lack of
Access
With access
1990 Home
2015
Other Fore.1
s
Goal2
1990
2002
Urban
362.3
24.4
20.4
93
89
6
97
97
07
05
Rural
54.0
34.7
39.9
58
42
27
80
79
42
31
Total
416.3
59.1
60.2
83
78
11
95
92
17
11
1
Forecasts of access by 2015,according to trend in period 1990 to 2002;
2 Forecast based on compliance with Target 10 of the MDG 7, according to JMP indicator.
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ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY
ACCESS TO IMPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES IN
LAC (JMP, 2004)
Million inhabitants
Area
With access
Proportion of the population (%)
Without
access
1990
2002
1990
2002
Urban
256.7
341.9
56.3
Rural
44.9
56.6
Total
301.6
398.5
1
2
Lack of
access
Without access
2015
1990
2002
1990
2002
65.1
82
84
86
91
18
16
83.6
72.0
35
44
53
68
65
56
139.9
137.1
69
75
81
85
31
25
Fore.1
Goal2
Forecast access by 2015, according to trend in period 1990 to 2002.;
Forecast based on compliance with Target 10 of the MDG 7 according to JMP indicator.
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ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY
ACCESS TO “IMPROVED” SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER
•Between 1990 and 2002 the LAC population rose from 441.5 a 535.6 millions.
Exceeding this rate of growth, the proportion of the population with access to water
rose from 83% to 89%.
Deficit in Access. (JMP Mid-Term Assessment – WHO/UNICEF, 2004).
•60 millions (11%) without access:
40 millions rural (31%)
20 millions urban (5%)
•59 millions (11%) with access and without household connection
•416 millions (78%) with household connection
Deficit in Quality of Service (E-2000, PAHO)
•41% without disinfection
•60% with intermittence
•45% losses
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ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY
POPULATION IN MILLIONS (M) WITHOUT ACCESS TO IMPROVED DRINKING WATER
SOURCES BY GROUP OF COUNTRIES IN LAC (BASED ON THE JMP, 2004)
Souther Cone-6.0M
9.6% - 10%
Non-Latin Caribbean0.6M
8.1% - 1%
Mexico-9.2M
9% - 15%
Central American Isthmus3.9M
10.2% - 7%
Latin Caribbean-4.4M
13.9% - 7%
Brazil-19.4M
11% - 33%
Andean Area-15.9M
13.6% - 27%
N.B. The segments together represent 60 M inhabitants of LAC who have no access to sources of
treated water
Total: 60M inhabitants in LAC without access to improved drinking water
- Population (% on the left) without access compared to the total population of the group or
country
- Population (%on the right) without access in the group or country compared to the 60 M
inhabitants without access in LAC
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ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY
ACCESS TO “IMPROVED” SANITATION FACILITIES
Between and 2002, the LAC population rose from 441.5 to 535.6 millions. Exceeding
this rate of growth, the proportion of the population with access to sanitation rose
from 69% to 75%.
Deficit in access. (JPM Mid-Term Evaluation JMP – WHO/UNICEF,
2004).
137 millions (25%) without access:
72 millions rural (56%)
65 millions urban (16%)
Agua residual tratada (%)
Deficit in Quality of Service (Assessment 2000, PAHO)
Coverage of 49% for
100
population with sewerage
80
systems but only 14% of
60
effluents with some type of
40
treatment
20
0
Africa
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Asia
Am. Lat &
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Europe
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ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY
POPULATION IN MILLIONS (M) WITHOUT ACCESS TO IMPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES
BY GROUP OF COUNTRIES IN LAC (BASED ON THE JMP, 2004)
Non-Latin Caribbean1.3M
16.4% - 1%
Mexico-23.5M
23% -17%
Southern Cone-12.4M
19.8% - 9%
Central American
Isthmus-12.4M
32.6% - 9%
Latin Caribbean-10.3M
32.3% - 8%
Brazil-44.1M
25% - 32%
Andean Area-32.7M
27.9% - 24%
N.B.: The segments together represents 137 M Inhabitants of LAC who
have no access to improved sanitation
Total: 137M inhabitants in LAC without access to improved sanitation facilities
- Population (% on the left) without access compared to the total population of the group or
country
- Population (% on the right) without access in the group or country compared to the 137 M
inhabitants
without access in LAC.
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ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY
TRENDS IN ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION IN LAC ACCORDING TO
JMP INDICATORS (BASED ON THE JMP, WHO-UNICEF, 2004)
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ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY
TRENDS IN ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION IN LAC ACCORDING TO
JMP INDICATORS (BASED ON THE JMP, WHO-UNICEF, 2004)
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ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY
TRENDS IN ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION IN LAC ACCORDING TO JMP
INDICATORS (BASED ON THE JMP, WHO-UNICEF, 2004)
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ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY
TRENDS IN ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION IN LAC ACCORDING TO
JMP INDICATORS (BASED ON THE JMP, WHO-UNICEF, 2004)
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ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY
HOUSEHOLDS WITH HOUSEHOLD CONNECTIONS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPTENDITURE
IN BRAZIL (A) AND PERU (B).
Source: Inequalities in the access and expenditure with drinking water in LAC, PAHO, 2001
Technical Reports 2 and 11
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ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY
Service level and quantity of water collected
Service
Level
Distance/time
Likely volumes of
water collected
Public health risks from
poor hygiene
Intervention priority
and actions
No access
More than 1
km/more than 30
min. round-trip
Very low
5 liters per capita
per day
Very high
Hygiene compromised.
Basic consumption may
be compromised
Very high
Provision of basic
level of service
Hygiene education
Basic access
Within 1 Km;
within 30 min.
round-trip
Average
approximately 20
liters per capita per
day
High
Hygiene may be
compromised. Laundry
may occur off-plot
High
Hygiene education.
Provision of
improved level of
service
Intermediate
access
Water provided
on-plot through
at least one tap
(yard level)
Average
approximately 50
liters per capita per
day
Low
Hygiene should not be
compromised. Laundry
likely will occur on-plot
Low
Hygiene promotion
still yields health
gains. Encourage
optimal access
Optimal
access
Supply of water
through multiple
taps within the
house
Average of 100-200
liters per capita per
day
Very low
Hygiene should not be
compromised. Laundry
will occur on-plot
Very low
Hygiene promotion
still yields health
gains
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Fuente: Howard G. and Bartram, J. Domestic Water Quantity,
Service Level and Health, WHO, 2003
2005
ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY
Drinking water treatment infrastructure in Colombia (SIAS, CRA, 2001)
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ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY
Aguas residuales tratadas (%)
WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE WORLD
(JMP, 2000)
100
90
80
66
60
40
35
20
14
0
0
Africa
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Asia
Latinoamerica y
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Europa
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MESAGE FROM THE UNITED NATIONS
SECRETARY-GENERAL AT THE OPENING OF
DECADE “WATER FOR LIFE”
“Water is essential for life. Yet many millions of people around
the world face water shortages. Many millions of children die
every year from water-borne diseases. And drought regularly
afflicts some of the world’s poorest countries.
The world needs to respond much better. We need to increase water
efficiency, especially in agriculture. We need to free women and girls from the
daily chore of hauling water, often over great distances. We must involve
them in decision-making on water management.
…… We need to make SANITATION a priority. This is
where progress is lagging most. And we must show
that water resources need not be a source of conflict.
Instead, they can be a catalyst for cooperation.“
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“Water for Life. Equity and quality
of services”
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Thank you for your attention
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