Transcript India - River Valley High School Social Science Resources

India
1000 BCE-500 CE
Politics
• Mauryan dynasty– Chandragupta, Ashoka
▫ Ashoka- brutal and ruthless, expanded empire,
promoted Buddhism
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Gupta Empire– political stability, “golden age”
Regionalism, political diversity
Autocratic kings and emperors throughout
Decentralized
Caste system promoted public order like a
government would
Mauryan Empire
Economy
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Taxation system under Guptas
Vigorous economy– lots of manufacturing
Based in agriculture
Emphasis on trade and merchants
Trade hub
Ivory, steel, spices, cotton, dyes (indigo)
Religion
• Hinduism– polytheistic, founded by the Aryan
people
▫ Reincarnation, karma, dharma, caste system, yoga
• Buddhism– by Siddhartha Gautama, reform
movement of Hinduism
▫ Reincarnation, karma, dharma, removal of
caste system, nirvana, yoga
Culture
• Epic poems– Vedas, Mahabharata, Ramayana,
Upanishads
• Caste system
• Patriarchy in families
• Advanced in science (astronomy, medical
findings) and mathematics (negatives,
numbering system, zero, decimal system, etc.)
• Art with religious and natural themes
• Sati
• One of world’s first universities
Interactions
• Maritime trade
▫ Indian Ocean
▫ Mediterranean
 Middle East, North Africa, Europe
• Trade hub
• Trade with China
▫ Buddhism, art
• Indian culture spread to SE Asia
▫ Indian merchants married into local royal families
▫ Art, architecture, religion
Comparisons
River Valley
Civilizations
Indigenous
people
Various animistic
religions
Classical Period
Polytheistic
Distinctive
writing
forms
Aryan people
Trade
Advanced
technology
Regional
kingdoms
Hinduism
Continuities
• Polytheistic religion
• Agricultural economy
• Many regional kingdoms
Changes
• Various polytheistic/animistic religions→
emergence of Hinduism as predominant religion
along with caste system for social order
• Indigenous peoples→ arrival of the IndoEuropean Aryans into the Indian subcontinent
500-1450
Politics
• Periodic disruptions by
nomadic groups
• Regional kingdoms
• Umayyad, later Abbasid
control of northern India
• Delhi Sultanate
▫ Capital at Delhi
Economy
• Internal and external trade
• Tax on non-Muslims
• Agriculture based
Religion
• Islam began to secure a place in India
• Some Indians convert for social status
• Sufis— most effective missionaries, allowed
followers to observe old traditions
• Bhaktic cults emerged as a Hindu revival against
Islam
Culture
• Islam– egalitarian; Hinduism– caste hierarchy
• Social divisions between Hindus and Muslims
• Muslims adopted Indian food, clothing, customs
(ex. sati)
▫ Started becoming socially divided by caste
Interactions
• Arabs brought Indian learning
and technology back to Middle
East
▫ Numbering system, algebra,
geometry, medicine, stories,
games (chess)
Comparisons
Classical Period
Just Indian
religions
(Hinduism,
Buddhism)
Postclassical Period
caste
system
trade
Flourishing of
Indian learning
Distinctive Indian
religions in
addition to Islam
agriculture
regional
kingdoms
Transmission of
Indian learning
Continuities
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Hinduism as predominant religion
Agricultural economy
Caste system
Regional kingdoms
Advanced Indian learning and technology
Patriarchal families
Trade
Changes
• Only distinctive Indian religions present
(Hinduism, Buddhism) → Islam introduced
1450-1750
Politics
• Mughal Empire
• Akbar– greatest ruler
▫ Gave Hindus high gov’t roles
 Integrated Hindus and
Muslims in gov’t
• Large, undisciplined armies
• Warrior aristocracy
Economy
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Dependent on agriculture, trade, etc.
Textile manufacturing– cotton
Trade destination for Europeans
Akbar– no tax (jizya) on Hindus
▫ Reinstated by Aurangzeb
Religion
• Akbar created religion unsuccessfully to unite
Muslims and Hindus
▫ Din-i-Ilahi
• New sects such as Sikhism– anti-Muslim
• Jizya off Hindus
Culture
• Akbar, Shah Jahan, & Jahangir patronized the
arts
• Taj Mahal– Shah Jahan
• Blend of Persian and Hindu architecture
• Akbar tried to increase position of women– basis
of many reforms
• Shah Jahan & Jahangir had influential wives–
gender roles
• Women’s status declined in 2nd half of Mughal
Empire
Mughal Art
Taj Mahal
Interactions
• Trade destination for Europeans
▫ Delhi, Agra, Lahore
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Most trade with Asia, some with Persia
Manufacturing
Slave trade with east Africa
Asian sea trading network
Comparisons
Postclassical Period
Low status for
women
Only Muslims
formed the
government
Early Modern Period
Agricultural
economy
Patriarchy
Improved status
for women (for
some time)
Caste system
Regional
kingdoms
Muslim rule
Hindus
incorporated into
government
Continuities
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Hinduism as predominant religion
Islam in India
Muslim rule
Agricultural economy
Regional kingdoms
Textile manufacturing
Caste system
Trade
Patriarchy
Changes
• Low status for women→ improved under Akbar
• Barriers between Hindus and Muslims→ both
groups integrated into the same gov’t
1750-1914
Politics
• British East India Company
• Battle of Plassey– British won
control of Bengal
• Sepoys
• 3 presidencies– Madras,
Calcutta, & Bombay
• British Raj
Economy
• Britain needed India to facilitate
industrialization
▫ Capital, raw materials, market
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Textile (cotton), silk, spice industries
Agriculture
Railway system built
Trade controlled by British
Major source of revenue for British gov’t
Economically dependent on Britain
Religion
• Initially British didn’t attempt to convert Indian
to Christianity
• Divided country based on religion– Muslims and
Hindus
• Sati outlawed
• Hinduism as a majority religion
Religion in India During British Raj
Culture
• Early on, British adopted some Indian ways–
rejected later
• Social systems initially left as they were
• White racial supremacy– racial discrimination
• Wide range of reforms in early 19th century
▫ Outlawed sati
▫ English education
▫ Transmitted Western technology, ideas,
inventions, etc.
Interactions
• Trade controlled by British
▫ Exclusive trade with British East India Company
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British used Indian goods for industrialization
Dependent on British
British tried to remake India along Western lines
Raw materials exported to Britain, finished
goods shipped back
Comparisons
Early Modern
Period
Decentralized rule–
regional kingdoms in
much of India
Economically
independent
Indians controlled
own trade
Industrial Age
Hinduism
Agricultural
economy
Trade
Centralized rule–
British
Economically
dependent
Patriarchy
manufacturing
British controlled
trade
Continuities
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Hinduism as predominant religion
Islam
Agricultural economy
Caste system
Trade
Patriarchy
Manufacturing
Changes
• Decentralized rule by regional kingdoms→
centralized rule by British
• Muslim cultural influences→ Western cultural
influences
• Indian control of Indian trade→ British control
of Indian trade
• Economically independent→ economically
dependent (on Britain)
1914-Present
Politics
• National Congress Party
• Gandhi– nonviolent protests
• August 1947—gained independence from British
rule
• Separate Muslim states created in NW and east
• Secular democracy after independence
Gandhi’s Salt March
Economy
• Much of India’s budget went to cover the
expenses of wars of the British armies
• Decline in food production (due to production of
cash crops) caused regional famines
• Drop in wages and rise in prices
• Agriculture
• Rapid growth of middle class
Religion
• Some leaders supported establishment of
Hinduism as state religion, ignoring Muslims
• After independence, vicious Hindu-Muslim and
Muslim-Sikh rioting
• Much religious conflict
• Persistence of Hinduism as the majority religion
Culture
• Female politicians– Indira Gandhi
▫ Little status/rights for women nevertheless
• Indian film industry– Bollywood
• High-tech sectors
• Many traditional values still in place
Interactions
• Ruled by British
▫ British Raj
• Ideas of nonviolence from
previous experiences in South
Africa
• Western influences
Comparisons
Industrial Age
British rule
Modern Times
Trade
Independent rule
Hinduism
Monarchy
India including
Muslim regions
like Pakistan
Caste system
Agriculture
Western
cultural
influences
Democracy
Partition of India
to create separate
Muslim states
Continuities
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Hinduism as predominant religion
Traditional culture
Agricultural economy
Trade
Caste system (outlawed but present nonetheless)
Western cultural influences
Changes
• Decentralized/British rule→ independent,
centralized rule
• monarchy→ democracy
• One unified Indian state with different
religions→ creation of independent Muslim
states in areas of Muslim majority (Pakistan,
etc.)