Transcript Essentials - Pima Community College

Essentials of Fire Fighting,
5th Edition
Chapter 8 — Rescue and
Extrication
Firefighter II
Chapter 8 Lesson Goal
• After completing this lesson, the
student shall be able to operate various
kinds of rescue equipment and practice
correct extrication procedures at an
accident scene following the policies
and procedures set forth by the
jurisdiction (AHJ).
Firefighter II
8–1
Specific Objectives
1. Discuss maintaining emergency power
and lighting equipment.
2. Describe characteristics of hydraulic
rescue tools.
3. Describe characteristics of
nonhydraulic rescue tools.
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–2
Specific Objectives
4. Discuss cribbing for rescue
operations.
5. Describe the characteristics of
pneumatic tools.
6. Discuss lifting/pulling tools used in
rescue operations.
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–3
Specific Objectives
7. Explain the size-up process for a
vehicle incident.
8. Describe items to look for when
assessing the need for extrication
activities.
9. Discuss stabilizing vehicles involved in
a vehicle incident.
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–4
Specific Objectives
10. List the three methods of gaining
access to victims in vehicles.
11. List the most common hazards
associated with wrecked passenger
vehicles.
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–5
Specific Objectives
12. Explain the dangers associated with
Supplemental Restraint Systems (SRS)
and Side-Impact Protection Systems
(SIPS).
13. Describe basic actions taken for
patient management.
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–6
Specific Objectives
14. Describe patient removal.
15. Describe laminated safety glass and
tempered glass.
16. Discuss removing glass from vehicles.
17. Explain considerations when removing
vehicle roof and doors.
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–7
Specific Objectives
18. Describe common patterns of
structural collapse.
19. Describe the most common means of
locating hidden victims in a structural
collapse.
20. Describe structural collapse hazards.
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–8
Specific Objectives
21. Describe shoring.
22. Discuss technical rescue incidents.
23. Service and maintain portable power
plants and lighting equipment. (Skill
Sheet 8-II-1)
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–9
Specific Objectives
24. Extricate a victim trapped in a motor
vehicle. (Skill Sheet 8-II-2)
25. Assist rescue teams. (Skill Sheet 8-II3)
Firefighter II
8–10
Maintaining Emergency Power/
Lighting Equipment
• Review manufacturer’s service manual
• Inspect spark plugs, plug wires
• If spark plug damaged or service
manual recommends, replace
• Check equipment carburetor
• Check fuel level, fill if necessary
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–11
Maintaining Emergency Power/
Lighting Equipment
• If fuel old, replace with fresh
• Check oil level, replenish as needed
• Start generator; run any tests identified
in Operator Manual
• Inspect all electrical cords
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–12
Maintaining Emergency Power/
Lighting Equipment
•
•
•
•
Test operation of lighting equipment
Replace light bulbs as necessary
Clean work area
Document maintenance on appropriate
forms/records
Firefighter II
8–13
Powered Hydraulic Tools
• Operated by hydraulic fluid pumped
through special high-pressure hoses
• Most powered by electric motors or
two- or four-cycle gasoline engines
• May be portable
• May be mounted on vehicle
Firefighter II
8–14
Spreaders
• First tool available to
fire/rescue service
• Capable of pushing, pulling
• Can produce tons of force
at tips
• May spread as much as 32
inches (800 mm)
Firefighter II
8–15
Shears
• Capable of cutting almost
any metal object
• May be used to cut other
materials
• Capable of producing tons
of force
• Opening spread of approximately 7
inches (175 mm)
Firefighter II
8–16
Combination Spreader/Shears
• Two arms with spreader tips
• Inside edges of arms
equipped with cutting shears
• Excellent for small rapidintervention vehicles,
departments with limited resources
• Capabilities less than individual units
Firefighter II
8–17
Extension Rams
• Straight pushing
operations
• May be used for
pulling
• Useful when
pushing farther
than shears’ maximum opening distance
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–18
Extension Rams
• Extend from closed length of 3 feet (1
m) to around 5 feet (1.5 m)
• Open with tons of pushing force; close
with ½ opening force
Firefighter II
8–19
Manual Hydraulic Tools
Disadvantages
Slower than powered
hydraulic
Relatively inexpensive
Limited range of operation
Labor-intensive
Advantages
Light weight
Can be used in areas
inaccessible to powered
units
Firefighter II
8–20
Porta-Power Tool System
• Operated by transmitting pressure from
manual hydraulic pump through highpressure hose to tool assembly
• Advantage — Operates in narrow places
• Disadvantage —
Assembly/operation
time-consuming
Firefighter II
8–21
Hydraulic Jacks
• Designed for heavy
lifting applications
• Excellent compression
device for shoring,
stabilizing operations
• Lifting capabilities up to
20 tons (18 tonnes [t])
Firefighter II
8–22
Nonhydraulic Jacks
• Screw jacks
– Extended/retracted by turning threaded
shaft
– Check for wear after each use
– Keep clean, lightly lubricated
– Bar screw jacks
– Trench screw jacks
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–23
Nonhydraulic Jacks
• Ratchet-lever jacks
– Rigid I-beam with perforations in web and
a jacking carriage with two ratchets on
geared side fitting around I-beam
– Least stable; can be dangerous
– Can fail under heavy load
Firefighter II
8–24
Cribbing
• Essential in many rescue operations
• Most commonly used to stabilize
objects
• Wood
• Plastic
• Storage
Firefighter II
8–25
Pneumatic (Air-Powered) Tools
• Air chisels
• Pneumatic nailers
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–26
Pneumatic (Air-Powered) Tools
• Impact
tools
• Air knifes
(Continued)
Courtesy of Supersonic Air Knife, Inc.
Firefighter II
8–27
Pneumatic (Air-Powered) Tools
• Air
vacuums
• Whizzer saws
Firefighter II
8–28
Tripods
• Create anchor points
above manholes, other
openings
• Allow rescuers to be
safely lowered into
confined spaces and
rescuers/victims to be
hoisted out
Firefighter II
8–29
Winches
• Excellent pulling tools
• Usually deployed faster, greater travel/
pulling distances, stronger than other
lifting/pulling devices
• Usually behind front bumper of vehicles
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–30
Winches
• Most common drives
– Electric
– Hydraulic
– Power take-off
• Pull by using chains/
cables
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–31
Winches
• Should be equipped with handheld,
remote-control devices
• Should be positioned as close to objects
being pulled as possible
Firefighter II
8–32
Come-Alongs
• Portable cable
winches operated
by manual ratchet
levers
• Attached to secure anchor points
• Lever rewinds cable
• Common sizes 1-10 tonnes (0.9-9.1 t)
Firefighter II
8–33
Chains
• Used with winches and come-alongs
• Only alloy steel chains should be used
in rescue work
• Special alloys available for corrosive/
hazardous atmospheres
• Proof coil chain not suitable for rescue
Firefighter II
8–34
Pneumatic Lifting Bags
• Give rescuers ability
to lift/displace objects
• High-pressure bags
• Low- and mediumpressure bags
• Lifting bag safety rules
Firefighter II
8–35
Block and Tackle Systems
• Convert given amount of
pull to working force
greater than the pull
• Useful for lifting/pulling
heavy loads
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–36
Block and Tackle Systems
• Block — Wooden or metal frame
containing one or more pulleys called
sheaves
• Tackle — Assembly of ropes used to
multiply pulling force
Firefighter II
8–37
Scene Size-Up
• Begins as soon as first emergency
vehicle approaches accident scene
• Importance
– Prevent injury to rescuers
– Prevents further injury to victims
– Clarifies required tasks
– Identifies needed resources
Firefighter II
8–38
Positioning Apparatus
• Officer in charge should position
according to SOP/situation at hand
• Position close enough for equipment,
supplies to be readily available
• Should not be so close that it might
interfere with other on-scene activities
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–39
Positioning Apparatus
• First-arriving engine should be
positioned to provide protective barrier
• U.S. DOT recommends headlights be
turned off, unless needed for scene
illumination
• At least one traffic lane should be
closed to nonemergency traffic
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–40
Positioning Apparatus
Firefighter II
8–41
Considerations When Arriving
On Scene
• What are traffic hazards; what types of
control devices needed?
• How many/what types of vehicles
involved?
• Where/how are vehicles positioned?
• How many victims/what is their status?
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–42
Considerations When Arriving
On Scene
• Is there fire or potential?
• Any hazardous materials involved?
• Any utilities that may be damaged; if so
is this hazardous?
• Need for additional resources?
Firefighter II
8–43
Assess Immediate Area Around
Vehicle
•
•
•
•
•
Number of victims in/around
Severity of injuries
Condition of vehicle
Extrication tasks that may be required
Hazardous condition
Firefighter II
8–44
Assess Entire Area Around Scene
• Other vehicles not readily apparent
• Victims thrown from vehicle
• Damage to structures/utilities that
present hazard
Firefighter II
8–45
Stabilizing the Vehicle
• Is vital to prevent further injury
• Uses cribbing/shoring devices
• Prevents sudden/unexpected movement
of vehicle
• NEVER test stability by pushing/pulling
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–46
Stabilizing the Vehicle
• Prevent horizontal motion
– Chock vehicles’ wheels
– Do not rely on mechanical systems
• Prevent vertical motion
– Jacks
– Pneumatic lifting bags
– Cribbing
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–47
Stabilizing the Vehicle
• Rescuers should avoid placing parts of
their bodies under vehicle
• Vehicles upside down, on side, or on
slope should be stabilized using
whatever means available
• Shut down electrical power in vehicle
Firefighter II
8–48
Methods for Gaining Access to
Victims in Vehicles
• Through normally operating door
• Through window
• By cutting away parts of vehicle body
Firefighter II
8–49
Potential Hazards of Wrecked
Passenger Vehicles
•
•
•
•
Oil- and air-filled struts
Fuel, other flammable liquids
High pressure tires
Contents of trunk or vehicle interior
Firefighter II
8–50
Dangers Associated with SRS,
SIPS
• Accidental activation of SRS or SIPS
– Reserve energy supply causes systems to
deploy even after battery disconnected
– Activities can activate systems
– Prevention
– Some systems in SIPS design do not
require power from vehicle’s electrical
system
Firefighter II
8–51
Actions for Patient Management
• Choose easiest route to gain access
• Rescuer with emergency medical
training should enter vehicle to
stabilize/protect patient
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–52
Actions for Patient Management
• Rescuers inside vehicle should wear PPE
• Treatment can be simultaneous with
preparation for removal from vehicle
• Vehicle must be removed from around
patient
Firefighter II
8–53
Patient Removal
• Package patient
properly
• Cover sharp
edges
• Widen openings
• Pad edges
Firefighter II
8–54
Laminated Safety Glass
Characteristics
• Manufactured from two
sheets bonded to sheet
of plastic between
• Most commonly used for
windshields, rear
windows
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–55
Laminated Safety Glass
Characteristics
• Produces long, pointed shards with
sharp edges
• Stays attached to laminate and moves
as unit when broken
• Keeps shards of glass from flying about
Firefighter II
8–56
Tempered Glass Characteristics
• Most commonly used in side windows,
rear windows
• Designed so small lines of fracture
spread throughout and glass separates
into many small pieces
• Eliminates long, pointed pieces; can still
cause lacerations
Firefighter II
8–57
Removing Laminated Glass
• Can seriously weaken vehicle body;
leave intact if possible
• More complicated, time-consuming than
removing tempered glass
– Best method is with saw
– Hand tools can be used
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–58
Removing Laminated Glass
• In older vehicles, total windshield
removal should be performed before
roof laid back or removed
– Requires several rescuers
– Passengers inside should be covered with a
tarp
Firefighter II
8–59
Removing Tempered Glass
• Methods
– Strike window with sharp, pointed object in
lower corner
– Use spring-loaded center punch
– Use standard center punch or Phillips
screwdriver
– With pick-head axe or Halligan tool
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–60
Removing Tempered Glass
• Controlling broken glass
– Apply sheet of self-adhesive contact paper
– Apply aerosol spray adhesive
Firefighter II
8–61
Removing the Roof
• Designations A, B, C assigned to vehicle
door posts from front to back
– A-post is front post area
– B-post is between front and rear doors on
four-door; nearest handle on two-door
– C-post is post nearest handle on rear door
of four-door; rear roof post on two-door
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–62
Removing the Roof
• Removal methods
– Cut all roof posts; remove roof entirely
– Cut front posts, cut relief notches in roof at
top of rear door openings, fold roof back
– Plastics do not bend; remove entire roof
– Unibody vehicles are prone to collapse
Firefighter II
8–63
Removing Doors
• Can be opened from handle side
• May be removed by inserting spreader
in crack on hinge side
• May be removed by cutting hinges,
breaking latch mechanism,
compromising door locks
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–64
Removing Doors
• Plastic door panels may have to be
removed to gain access to metal frame
• Interior plastic molding may need to be
removed
Firefighter II
8–65
Displacing Dashboard
• May be necessary to free patients
pinned under steering wheel and/or
wedged under dashboard
• Steps
Firefighter II
8–66
Rescue From Collapsed Buildings
• Difficulty in reaching victim in structural
collapse depends upon conditions
• In some cases, uninjured/slightly
injured occupants can make their way
to surface of rubble
• These should be helped first
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–67
Rescue From Collapsed Buildings
• Next, rescue those lightly trapped by
debris
• Rescuing the heavily trapped/seriously
injured requires the services of
technical rescue team
Firefighter II
8–68
Pancake Collapse
• Possible in any
building where
failure of exterior
walls results in upper
floors and roof
collapsing on top of each other
• Least likely to contain voids in which
live victims can be found
Firefighter II
8–69
V-Shaped Collapse
• Occurs when outer
walls remain intact
and upper floors/
roof structure fail
in middle
• Offers good chance
of habitable void spaces along both
outer walls
Firefighter II
8–70
Lean-To Collapse
• Occurs when one
outer wall fails while
opposite wall intact
• Side of floor or roof
assembly supported
by failed wall drops to floor, forming
triangular void
Firefighter II
8–71
A-Frame Collapse
• Occurs when floor/roof assemblies on
both sides of center wall collapse
• Offers good chance of habitable void
spaces on both sides of center wall
Firefighter II
8–72
Cantilever Collapse
• When one or
more walls of
a multistory
building collapse
leaving floors
attached to/
supported by remaining walls
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–73
Cantilever Collapse
• Offers good chance of habitable voids
forming above/below supported ends of
floors
• Least stable of all patterns; most
vulnerable to secondary/subsequent
collapse
Firefighter II
8–74
Locating Hidden Victims
• Hailing — Calling out to elicit response
from hidden victims
• Seismic/short-distance radar devices
• Electronically enhanced acoustic
listening devices
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–75
Locating Hidden Victims
• Search cameras
• Thermal imaging cameras
• Search dogs
Firefighter II
8–76
Environmental Hazards
•
•
•
•
Damaged utilities
Atmospheric contamination
Hazardous materials contamination
Darkness
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–77
Environmental Hazards
•
•
•
•
Noise
Fire
Temperature extremes
Adverse weather conditions
Firefighter II
8–78
Physical Hazards
•
•
•
•
Unstable debris
Confined spaces
Exposed wiring/rebar
Heights
Firefighter II
8–79
Shoring
• Means by which unstable structures or
parts of structures can be stabilized
• Prevents sudden movement of objects
too large to be moved in timely manner
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–80
Shoring
• Not intended to
move heavy
objects
• May involve air
bags/jacks,
cribbing, system of wooden braces
Firefighter II
8–81
Rescue From Trench Cave-Ins
• Caused by trench construction
• Sometimes would-be rescuers are killed
• Knowing how to make structure safe for
entrance and taking time to do so offer
best chance of survival
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–82
Rescue From Trench Cave-Ins
• Rescue operations depend on making
site as safe as possible
• Rescuers should not be sent into trench
unless trained/equipped
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–83
Rescue From Trench Cave-Ins
• Rescue apparatus, nonessential
personnel, equipment, spectators
should be kept away
• Safety precautions should be taken
Firefighter II
8–84
Confined Space Rescues
• Confined space
– Large enough and configured so that
employee can bodily enter/perform
assigned work
– Limited/restricted means of entry/exit
– Not designed for continuous employee
occupancy
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–85
Confined Space Rescues
• Several common types
• Should only be performed by
firefighters with specific training
• Atmospheric hazards
• Physical hazards
• Command post, staging area outside
hot zone
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–86
Confined Space Rescues
• Do not enter staging area until IAP
developed/communicated
• Attendant must track personnel,
equipment entering/leaving space
• Equipment
• Lifeline
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–87
Confined Space Rescues
• O-A-T-H Method
– O — One tug; OK
– A — Two tugs; Advance
– T — Three tugs; Take-up
– H — Four tugs; Help
• Air monitoring devices
• Accountability system
Firefighter II
8–88
Rescue From Caves, Mines,
Tunnels
• Most firefighters not trained/equipped
to perform
• Must be done by those familiar with
specific environment
Firefighter II
8–89
Rescues Involving Electricity
• Safety precautions
• Electrical wires on ground can be
dangerous without being touched
• Ground gradient
• Rescuers should stay away from
downed wires distance equal to one
span between poles
Firefighter II
8–90
Water and Ice Rescue
• Swimming pools, ponds, low-head dams
• Rescues
– Victim stranded, floundering, has been
submerged for short time
• Recoveries
– Victim submerged for long period of time
and likely deceased
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–91
Water and Ice Rescue
• All appropriate PPE should be worn
• Methods
– REACH
– THROW
– ROW
– GO
Firefighter II
8–92
Ice Rescue Considerations
• Because ice is thick, not necessarily
strong
• Victims almost certainly suffering
hypothermia
• Victims may not be able to help
• Victim’s chances of survival depend on
how quickly out of water/into warmth
Firefighter II
8–93
Ice Rescue Protocols
• Instruct victim NOT to try to get out of
water until rescuer says so
• REACH
• THROW
• GO
Firefighter II
8–94
Industrial Extrication
• Can be among most challenging rescue
situations
• Once mechanism stabilized, power
should be shut off
• If problem outside capability of team,
outside expertise required
Firefighter II
8–95
Elevator Rescue
• Usually not a true emergency
• Usually involves elevators stalled
between floors
• Firefighters should reassure passengers
and wait for a mechanic
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–96
Elevator Rescue
• Only an elevator mechanic should
perform adjustments to mechanical
system
• Elevator rescue may be necessary;
should only be performed by trained
personnel
• Communication with passengers
essential
Firefighter II
8–97
Escalator Rescue
• Stop switches usually on nearby wall, at
base of escalator, at point close to
handrail in newel base
• Activating switch stops stairs
• Should be stopped during rescues
• Escalator mechanic should be requested
when removing victims
Firefighter II
8–98
Summary
• Firefighters must be capable of
performing basic rescue and extrication
operations as a member of a team.
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–99
Summary
• Firefighters must be willing to pursue
specialized training in each of the
rescue areas, including fireground
search and rescue operations, vehicle
extrication operations, and a variety of
technical rescue operations.
Firefighter II
8–100
Review Questions
1. Describe powered hydraulic tools used
in rescue incidents.
2. What are air chisels and pneumatic
nailers commonly used for?
3. List four safety rules when using
pneumatic lifting bags.
(Continued)
Firefighter II
8–101
Review Questions
4. Why is stabilizing vehicles involved in
incidents important?
5. What are the common means of
locating hidden victims in the rubble
of a structural collapse?
Firefighter II
8–102