Transcript Presentations

Presentations
Willing to receive? Attention of the
audience & hold interest through
presentation- The role of persuasion
Persuasion:
Conscious manipulation to face-to-face
communication to induce others to take
action
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Scoring & Interpretation
For questions 1-2-3-5-6-7: 3 pts. for Usually, 2 pts.
for Sometimes, 1 pt. for Seldom
For question 4: 3 pts. for Seldom, 2 pts. for
Sometimes, 1 pt. for Usually
Sum up your total points. Scores:
>= 19 : You make effective use of your persuasive
resources
16 to 18 : You can be more persuasive in your
interpersonal relations
< 16 : You have room for significant improvement in
your oral persuasion techniques
How is persuasion different from
authority or power?
Means of influence- focus on getting other
people to do, what you want them to do,
but:
1) Power & authority: means of making others
to do stg. They otherwise would not have
done
Persuadees feel they are acting of their own
accord within the goals & guidelines set for
them
How is persuasion different from
authority or power?
2) Authority represents the rights that go with
managerial position
3) Authority has limits: setting up a
psychological line
4) Authority implies obligation, but in
persuasion- performing the rask with
commitment & enthusiasm => motivation
better than authority
General Strategies of persuasion:
1) Credibillity: trust & confidence.
 Demonstrate competence; knowledge & ability
 Having trustworthy intentions (establishing a
trust bond)
 Personal charisma (striking others as friendly,
caring, enthusiastic & positive)
2) Logical Reasoning: Citing logical reasons for them
to behave as you wish.
3) Emotional Appeal: Using a langauage touching the
emotions. “What the listeners need is a stimulus
that will move them from passive to active”
Persuasive practices for securing
attention & arguing well:
1) Addressing people by name: Increases the
capacity for selective perception & make
people feel involved
2) Posing questions: Turning the opening
statement into a question
3) Using different channels and encoding:
Music, other sound, direct action (usually
associated with political movements)
Presentations
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Able to receive? Audiences have little or no
control over the information flow => Allow
pauses between main points, avoid
information overload
Achieving information? Pose questions,
voting, presentation being informal
discussion
Preparing the presentation materials
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If accompanied by a written report, written
version SHOULD complement the
presentation
If before => chance of discussion
If not => introduction to the Topic
Not distribute the full version at the
beginning of the presentation
Preparing the presentation materials
Answer key questions (audience,
objective, context, source)
 Clarify terms of reference/project brief
 Decide what to include and what to
cut
 Decide how to organize the material
 Make the logical structure visible
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The Presenter: I) Postures
DON’T:
– Adopt a head down, round-shouldered stance
when addressing audience. Lack of eye contact:
Nervousness, lack of confidence.
– Leaning on one foot
– Trying to blend with the background
– Folding the arms tightly across the chest:
protects the person’s “soft underbelly” from
attack
DO:
Stay upright & well balanced
 Stable, but not static, allowing for some movement
around the room
 Moderately relaxed, but conveying energy rather
than apathy.
 Be careful for cross-cultural aspects
Skills developed after repeated cycles of experience
& reflection => Begin to feel more confident,
positive & alert
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II) Physical Appearance
Choice of clothing: Help to project the
right image, increase confidence
 No fixed rules
 Presenters may simply decide to
dress in the way that they feel most
comfortable.
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III) Developing the human voice:
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In contrast to informal one-to-one
conversations, the presenter has to speak:
– For an extended period
– In a fairly structured way
– To many different people simultaneously
DON’T talk with a weak voice
Work on 4 dimensions of vocal delivery:
1)
2)
3)
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Setting the volume
Varying the pitch: Convey a positive message
when sentences end on a higher note, obtain
advice of someone
Pacing the delivery:
Fault: Speaking too quickly or slow delivery
(monotonous) => Vary the pace of delivery
DON’T include too much material => Plan.
If insufficiently flexible & at a rapid pace; lose
audience’s attention => Highlight key points
Can switch from longer to shorter sentences
helps to vary the pace of delivery.
4) Exploiting the pauses
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Depending on its length, silence = comma
Can be used to separate different ideas &
emphasize a particular agreement
Long pauses: Rarely used. Allow thinking
A single pause will seem longer to the
presenter than to the audience
Typical techniques include:
Use the pause to build eye contact with the
audience
 Appear to be lost for words, but then return
with a major piece of the argument
 Add to the dramatic effect by simply
walking silently from one part of the room
to another
Use them in combination
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IV) Remembering what to say:
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1)
2)
Greatest fear: Forget what to say next.
Reading a prepared script: Mistake, ineffective
delivery, limited eye contact & minimal use of
gestures to reinforce msg.
Memorizing a prepared script: In an
organizational context, sounds artificial; can be
caught out when opened up to questions.
While effective for short statements, unassisted
memorizing: not practical for most people.
3) Improvising on the day
Valuable techniques for informal
discussions
 Some necessary and impressive in Q&A
4) Using a prompting system: Prepare the
presentation in a detailed & structured way.
Use cue cards: tied together or numbered
in case dropped on the floor.
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Audio-Visual Equipment:
1) Projectors: Limitations & user errors:
– Stand in front of the display screen
– Talk to the projector instead of audience
– Display slides that do not coincide with
the spoken delivery
– Use too much text
– Not checking spelling errors
– Technical failures
2) Whiteboards
Common teaching aid, useful in discussions &
brainstorming sessions
Limitations & user Errors:
Turn their backs on the audience while writing &
making them difficult to hear
Presenters may have illegible handwriting
Dried out pens
Using indelible pens by mistake; makes presenter
unpopular with the next user
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3) Video Players
Short video clips: useful to illustrate a point
 DON’T use so long video clips
Limitations & user errors:
Technical faults
Incompatible playback formats
Inappropriate use during a live presentation
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4) Props & ‘Take Aways’
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Props: additional materials used to enhance a
presentation. Ex/ Food samples, scale 2222models
of building developments
Presenter may also wish to provide the audience
with materials to take away after presentation:
– Information pack having supporting details
– Paper or electronic copies of the presentation
Limitations & user errors:
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Handling out material at the beginning;
audience will look at it instead of focusing
on the presentation
Inappropriate materials
Four Key Elements:
I) Creating an opener: How do you secure the
audience’s attention? Think from their
perspective: Relevancy, your credibility. Ex/
Pose a question having relevance for them
Create a powerful scenario, using visual
imagery
Quote a statistic that will surprise them
Share an informal anecdote
Refer to a relevant and memorable
quotation
II) Signaling ‘transitions’ and changing
pace:
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DON’T move too quickly from one topic to
another; if not lose their audience’s
attention
Take time to emphasize transitions; give a
brief recap of the last topic; pause a little bit
Use non-verbal cues
May introduce an audio-visual prompt such
as photographic image
III) ‘Closing’ with a flourish:
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Equivalent to the concluding section
Draw the arguments together & attempt to
ensure that the audience has absorbed
Summarize key points, show how they
combine to achieve that purpose
May split the audience into groups, setting
a task and asking each group to report back
IV) Handling questions, interruption &
dialogue:
Open questions: better
 Allow members to discuss first, rather than asking
for an immediate response
 Sometimes difficult to switch between ‘delivery
mode’ to engaging an active dialogue. Then retain
control through careful preparation
 Try to predict questions & have prepared answers
in your mind
 Q & A: Problems: 1) Unable to give an answer
2) Know the answer but consider that it isn’t
interesting
3) Not want to give the answer => Be Honest!
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IV) Handling questions, interruption &
dialogue:
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Interaction as questions: provide dialogue
Quiz questions: alert to the themes; time
Poorly-worded questions: distort audience
Well-handled questions are valuable
If you get a feeling that you’re losing your
audience, DON’T ignore as this is a
communication barrier