Transcript No Slide Title

Social Economic Development
Understanding a Development Miracle
Education Development in China
Education in China
Imperial Examination in Ancient China
Background
The imperial examination system was applied in the
feudal society to select officials from intellectuals. The
Imperial Examination System in China lasted for 1300
years, from its founding during the Sui Dynasty in 605 to
its abolition near the end of the Qing Dynasty in 1905.
Education in China
Degree types:
 Shēngyuán (生员), also called xiùcái (秀才), licentiate;
administered at exams held in the county level each year.
 Jǔrén (举人) or "recommended man", a provincial graduate,
administered at the provincial level every three years
 Gongshi (贡士), a national degree "tribute personnel"
 Jìnshì (进士) or "presented scholar", a metropolitan graduate,
administered in the capital every three years
Zhuangyuan (狀元), lit. jìnshì who ranked #1 first class
Bangyan (榜眼), lit. jìnshì who ranked #2 first class.
Tanhua (探花), lit. jìnshì who ranked #3 first class
Education in China
Eight-legged essay
The eight-legged essay was a style of essay writing that had to be
mastered to pass the imperial examinations .It is named so because it
was divided into eight sections.
(1) Opening: two sentences of prose whose function is to broach the topic
(2) Amplification: five sentences of prose, elaborating upon and clarify the
theme.
(3) Preliminary exposition : Prosaic writing
(4) Initial argument : a specified number sentences pairs written in
parallel, developing the initial argument.
(5) Central argument:
(6) Latter argument
(7) Final argument
(8) Conclusion
Chinese Businessmen: Characteristics and New Change
Shanghai Imperial Examination Museum:
Education in China
Education Development in China
Background
Since the founding of the People‘s Republic of
China in 1949, an important governmental effort
has been to eliminate illiteracy and popularize
compulsory education (compulsory education
covering primary and junior middle schooling
duration) .
Education in China
 Education System
China's education system is composed of 4 components, i.e. basic
education, occupational/polytechnic education, common higher
education and adult education.
Educational Stages in China
Education
Compulsory
18-22
University or college
No
15-18
Senior high school (middle school ) or
No
Age
Vocational school
12-15
Junior middle school
Yes
6-12
Primary school
Yes
Education in China

Basic Education:
Basic education in China includes pre-school education,
primary education(6 years) and regular secondary
education(6 years).
 Pre-school education: It is an important component of education
cause in China. In urban areas, pre-school education is mainly
kindergartens of 3 years. In rural areas, pre-school education is mainly
nursery classes and seasonal kindergartens in addition.
 Primary and Secondary Education: In China, primary and secondary
education takes 12 years to complete, divided into primary, junior
secondary and senior secondary stages. 9-year schooling in primary
and junior secondary schools pertains to compulsory education.
Education in China
 Medium-level Occupational and Polytechnic Education
Mainly composed of medium-level professional schools,
polytechnic schools, occupational middle schools as well as
short-term occupational and technical training programs of
various forms.
 Common Higher Education
Common higher education comprises of junior college,
bachelor, master and doctoral degree programs. Junior college
program usually last 2~3 years; bachelor program 4 years
(medical and some engineering and technical programs, 5
years); master program 2~3 years; doctoral program 3 years.
211 project, 985 project
Education in China
 Adult Education
Adult education comprises of schooling education, anti-illiteracy
education and other programs oriented to adult groups.
China's adult education has evolved rapidly since the Liberation.
There are many colleges and universities destined to adult
education and some 800 correspondence-based and evening
adult education programs launched by common colleges.
 International Cooperation
Chinese attitudes toward National Higher Education Entrance Examination
Education in China
 National Higher Education Entrance Examination (高考)
Prior to 2003, the examination was held in July, but has since been moved to
the month of June. This move was made in consideration of the adverse effects
of hot weather on students living in southern China and possible flooding
during the rainy season in July.
In different places, students list their university or college preferences prior to
the exam, after the exam, or after they learnt their scores. The preferences are
given in several tiers (including at least early admissions, key universities,
regular universities, technical colleges), each of which can contain around 4-6
choices in institution and program. In some places, students list preferences of
different tiers at different times. For example, in Shanghai, students list their
preference for early admission, key universities and regular universities prior to
the exam, but other colleges after they learned of their scores
Education in China
 National Higher Education Entrance Examination
The exam is administered for 3 days. Three subjects are mandatory everywhere:
Chinese, Mathematics and a foreign language -- usually English, but may also
be substituted by Japanese, Russian or French. The other 6 standard subjects
are 3 sciences Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and 3 humanities History,
Geography and Political Education[1].
Applicants to science/engineering or art/humanities programs typically take 13 from the respective category. Since 2000s, a integrated test, science
integrated test, humanities integrated test or wider integrated test is introduced
in some places. This integrated test may or may not be considered during
admission. Besides, some special regional subjects are required or optional in
some places. Currently, the actual requirement varies from province to
province.
Education in China
 National Higher Education Entrance Examination
A university usually sets a fixed admission quota for each province, with a
higher number of students coming from its home province. As the number and
quality of universities is very uneven across China, it is argued that people are
being discriminated against during the admission process based on their
geographic region. For example, compared to Beijing, Henan province has
fewer universities per capita. Therefore an applicant in Henan needs a
significantly higher position among applicants than his Beijing counterpart to
get into the same university. This is not similar to the practice of regional
universities in other countries which receive subsidies from regional
governments in addition to or in place of those received from national
governments, as universities in China largely depend on state budget rather
than local budget.
Education in China
Question:
(1) What’s the relationship between education
and job opportunity?
(2) Make a comparative study in education
structure between China and your country.
Education in China
 Education in Rural Areas

Hope Project (希望工程)
Education in China
The goal of the non-governmental Hope Project is to support young dropouts in poverty-stricken areas. China, a developing country, faces a
shortage of education funds, especially in poverty-stricken areas. More
than 30 million children between the ages of 6-14 are unable to attend
school or are forced to drop out, with 84 percent of the total number of
related youngsters coming from the countryside. Each year, there are 1
million children deprived of education due to poverty.
Education in China
The purpose of the foundation was to "help children with
funds collected from society." Subsidization methods
include:
1) establishing long-term grant-in-aid programs to help
educationally deprived young students with good character
return to school in spite of poor family conditions;
2) building and refurbishing schools for poverty-stricken
villages;
3) providing teaching aids, writing materials and textbooks;
4) providing special scholarships enabling outstanding
primary and middle school students in poverty-stricken areas
to receive college education.
Education in China
 Hope Project and SEM, TONGJI University
SEM has established long-term grant-in-aid program in
Dingxi City, Gansu Province from 1995.
14 hope primary school
25 libraries
donation: 3.3 million RMB
Education in China
 Rural Rear Children

Loneliness

High dropout rate

education and future development
Education in China
 Schools for Children of Migrant Workers
registered residence in China
Education in China
 Problems in Rural Education

Many schools but improper distribution of education
resources

Rural teachers: lower degree and lower income

Poor facility: no labs, no library, no computers

Inadequate curriculum
Education in urban areas
 School choice (择校) in big cities
 Intensive competition
 Inadequate education resources
 Studying abroad instead of joining GAOKAO
Various cramming school
Why Are China's Universities Losing Their Star Students?
Big-name foreign universities are the
powerful competitors of higher
education in China. In China, many
families decide to send children study
abroad.
While 9.3 million Chinese students took the college-entrance
exam in 2011, close to 1 million high school graduates did not,
and among them, some 200,000 chose to go to foreign
universities instead. Today over 100,000 Chinese high school
graduates attend college in the U.S. each fall, and this year at
least 17 of the top 100 mainland students chose to go to the
University of Hong Kong.
Education in China
Question:
(1) Do you have some suggest for Chinese education
development ?
(2) how to deal with the unfairness in education?