Transcript Slide 1

Standards
Stefanie Keller, seecon international
Standards
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Standards
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Contents
1.
Concept
2.
How it can optimize SSWM
3.
Design Principles
4.
Things to consider before Applying Standards
5.
Applicability
6.
Advantages and Disadvantages
7.
References
Standards
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1.Concept
Where do Standards belong to?
 Standards are command and control tools that belong to the
software implementation tools in Sustainable Sanitation and Water
Management
Standards
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1. Concept
Command and Control Tools…
…are direct regulations of requirements, bans and rules. With
command and control tools, you only change the behaviour of people
because they want to avoid penalties for non-compliance.
Tools:
• Prohibitions
• Restrictions
• Permits
• Standards
• Etc.
Source: http://themoderatevoice.com/wordpressengine/files/2008_july/Stop_Sign.jpg [Accessed: 23.03.2010]
Standards
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1. Concept
Standards
A standard is an established norm or
requirement. It is usually a formal
document that establishes uniform
criteria, methods, processes and
practices.
Water standards are normally imposed
to unify quality, discharge or
environment criteria, related to
polluters.
Source:
http://www.aquaattackdrilling.com.au/images/running_water.jpg
[Accessed: 08.06.2010]
Standards
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1. Concept
Types of Standards
• Environmental quality standards:
Define the allowable average concentrations over a specific time period
for a given pollutant in a particular region
• Product standards:
Define the quality of a product; the admissible concentration of certain
substances that has to be met by any product produced and/or sold on
the market
• Emission standards:
Determine the maximum allowable rate of pollution output for each
generic type of pollutant to protect the designated uses
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1. Concept
Example: Water Quality Standards
• Water quality is the physical, chemical and biological characteristics
of water.
• It is most frequently used with reference to a set of standards against
which compliance can be assessed.
• Standards are related to drinking water, safety of human contact and
for health of ecosystems.
An understanding of the various factors
influencing water quality is thus very
important as human health is largely
dependant on the quality of water.
Source:
http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/drinking/dwstandards.h
tml [Accessed: 08.06.2010]
Standards
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2. How it can optimize SSWM
• Standards contribute to easier management, better use and increased
longevity of the SSWM system.
• You can use standards to be very clear about what you need to achieve.
• They look at what needs to be done, but they do not say how to do it.
• Check and compare the water quality to the WHO standards.
Untreated wastewater in Guinea.
Source: http://www.worstpolluted.org/files/FileUpload/pics/2008-Individual-PageImages/sewage,%20surface%20water_Guinea.JPG [Accessed: 24.09.2010]
Standards
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2. How it can optimize SSWM
Standards as a base for Permits
•
A permit is the act of giving a formal, usually written, authorization.
(e.g. a permit to operate a wastewater treatment plant)
•
Standards are the base to create permits, because they set the
requirements of an environmental regulation.
•
Permits contribute to SSWM local level by setting allowable pollutant
levels (standards) for individual water bodies, such as rivers, lakes,
streams and wetlands.
Swiss chemical industry in 1900: No environmental
quality standards, high degree of pollution.
Source: http://www.brainworker.ch/MartinHerzog/Basel/geschichte/basler_chemie.htm [Accessed: 08.06.2010]
Standards
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3. Design Principles
• Check if there are national guidelines which facilitate a general
understanding of quality standards and how to apply them, together
with international WHO guidelines.
• The numerical values assigned to the standards have to be
established based on scientific foundation and ensure appropriate
levels of use safety.
• It is essential that standards are established in a flexible and
decentralized form, to be able to serve local specificities.
• Surveillance and quality control are necessary, but are best
performed by separate and independent entities because of the
conflict of interest that arises when the two are combined.
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3. Design Principles
Main Implementation Actors and Target Groups
• Standards may be developed by individual corporations, regulatory bodies
or by groups such as trade unions or trade associations.
• Standards might become mandatory if adopted by the authorities.
• A motivation to implement a water quality management system is the
possibility to choose, forms of harmonious companionship between the two
main target groups: the ones polluting the water bodies and water users.
Industries are heavy water body polluters.
Source:
http://www.grida.no/_res/site/file/publications/sickwater/SickWater_screen.pdf
[Accessed: 24.09.2010]
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4. Things to consider before Applying Standards
To establish licences to discharge environmentally incompatible
substances at the regional level, the following parameters should be
stipulated:
• Maximum concentration of the substance permissible in the discharge
• Average concentration permissible in the discharge during a period
• Maximum quantity permissible discharge during a period
• Internal control measures
Source: http://www.grand-rapids.mi.us/index.pl?page_id=1511
[Accessed: 08.06.2010]
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5. Applicability
• The development of standards is a complex process. It is not necessary
to develop our own standards, but to choose the right standards from the
right sources and adapt them to each local situation.
• All costs should be taken into account explicitly in setting standards, if
not standards will louse in efficiency
• Standards should be used in combination with other measures.
Source:
http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/thisweekineducation/2007/06/
national_yawn_standards_again.html [Accessed: 08.06.2010]
Standards
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6. Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages:
• Economic equity, same
standards of treatment for all
polluters
Disadvantages:
• Standards can be too
ambitious, this arises costs
but not quality
•
No extensive set of data on
the based water system,
which may reduce the costs
of monitoring and studies
•
Developing standards is
complex scientifically and
legally
•
It complements with other
tools, for example economic
instruments
•
If there is not sufficient
money, often control is
simply neglected
•
It can increase efficiency and
lower costs
•
If low levels of control or
weaknesses of State,
economic instruments should
be applied complementary
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7. References
MILIJOSTYRELSEN (2000): Guidelines to Statutory Order on the Licensing of Waste Water Discharges.
Environmental Guidelines. Copenhagen: Miljo-og Energiministeriet. URL:
http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publications/2000/87-7944-264-1/pdf/87-7944-266-8.pdf [Accessed:
27.04.2010]
INDIA WATERPORTAL (2010): Water Quality Channel. Pune: India Water Portal URL:
http://www.indiawaterportal.org/channels/water-quality [Accessed: 8.04.2010]
PORTO, M.; LOBATO, F. (2004): Mechanisms of Water Management: Command & Control and Social
Mechanisms (Part 1 of 2). In: REGA (Revista de Gestão de Água da América Latina) 1 (2), 113-129.
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Standards
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