Transcript Slide 1
Non-Piped Water Distribution
Beat Stauffer, international seecon gmbh
Non-Piped Water Distribution 1
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Non-Piped Water Distribution
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Contents (Example Hardware)
1. Concept 2. How can Non-Piped Distribution optimise SSWM 3. Design Principles 4. Operation and Maintenance 5. Applicability 6. Health Aspects 7. Pros and Cons 8. References Non-Piped Water Distribution 3
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1. Concept
Introduction
• Most of the worlds population do not have piped water distribution.
• In many areas, there is a organised water distribution by tank trucks.
• If there is no motorised option, water has to be carried from source to the user. Non-Piped Water Distribution 4
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2. How it can optimise SSWM
• • Even if human powered distribution is not very comfortable (this work is mostly carried out by women and children), there are some points and methods to make it more pleasant: Innovative tanks/buckets Avoid a (re-)contamination • • Tank Trucks are a good option to transport bigger amounts to communities or to distribute water in an emergency case: Simplifies water access for communities
Avoid a (re-)contamination
A cistern is filled by a tank truck. Source: LEMUEL MINISTRIES (2012)
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3. How does it Work?
• •
Human-Powered Distribution - Buckets
The most common method is to fill water into a bucket, tank, container and to carry it over kilometres to the home.
These containers are mostly locally available.
A child transports a big can on its head, which is big effort every day. Sources: UNICEF/WHO (2008)
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3. How does it Work?
• • •
Human-Powered Distribution – Mobile Vendors
(HIPPOROLLER 2012; QDRUM 2012)
Don’t carry the water containers, role it!
50 – 90 litres in a durable plastic tank, easy to transport and can be closed safely.
It even can be used to transport other material than just water.
The Q-Drum can be pulled with help of a rope (left). The Hippo Water Roller (right) can be upgraded with a steel construction to carry baskets as well (so called ‘Hippo Mobile Spaza’). Source: GUNZELMANN (2008) and HIPPOROLLER (2012)
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3. How does it Work?
• • • •
Human-Powered Distribution – Mobile Water Vendor
(KEENER et al. 2009; IRIN 2009)
Africa, Asia, South America.
Door-to-door vendors.
Animal powered traction, human hand carters, water bearers or water tankers.
No quality control of the water (e.g. pathogens etc.)
A water vendor in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso fills his hand cart at a public stand pipe. Source: BASSAN (2011)
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3. How does it Work?
• • • •
Human-Powered Distribution – Mobile Water Vendor
All over the world.
20 litre water jugs.
Refill water in the store and bring it home.
Companies deliver them to the household.
A Nissan truck delivers water jugs. Source: NAVYMAILMAN on Flickr (2009) Bottled water refill station in a Canadian grocery store. Source: B. STAUFFER (2011)
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3. How does it Work?
• • •
Motorised-Powered Distribution – Mobile Water Vendor
Water is collected at a well or filling station for cistern trucks.
Trucks delivers potable water to housholds and communities Permanent solution or in an emergency case.
A cistern is filled by a tank truck. Source: LEMUEL MINISTRIES (2012)
Non-Piped Water Distribution
A filling station for water trucks in Tepoztlán, Mexico. Source: B. STAUFFER (2009)
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4. Operation and Maintenance
• •
Human-Powered Distribution
Equipment must be cleaned before used as a drinking water bucket
Avoid (re-)contamination
• • • •
Motorised Distribution
Equipment surfaces that come into contact with water during transport must be well maintained and be made of material that is smooth, impervious, non-absorbent, corrosion resistant and nontoxic (e.g. stainless steel).
It must be possible to close the tank correctly to protect water.
Loading, transporting, unloading without contacting any sources of contamination.
Tanks that previously were used for something else must be cleaned and flushed.
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5. Applicability
Human Powered
• • Everywhere where water is available in a walking distance Water can be used directly or it can be sold • • • •
Motorised
In poor and densely populated areas or rural places Larger amounts than possible to carry After a natural disaster (e.g. earthquake, tsunami, etc.) If the piped distribution system is destroyed (e.g.due to a war) Non-Piped Water Distribution 12
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6. Health Aspects
• • • Quality of water depends on water source (improved or unimproved source?) High risk of contamination during transport and refilling Consider Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage (HWTS)
Stop microbial pollution and reduce the health. Source: (CAWST 2008).
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7. Pros and Cons
Human-Powered
Advantages:
• Water can be collected with locally available containers.
Disadvantages:
• Getting the water and transporting it takes a lot of time, especially for women and children, which could otherwise be used for learning or economic activity • No control on the quality of the water source.
• High risk of contamination on the way of transportation.
• Purification at home is necessary.
14 Non-Piped Water Distribution
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7. Pros and Cons
Motorised Distribution
Advantages:
• Water trucks assure water supply in isolated areas • A fast water supply can be organised in a case of emergency
Disadvantages:
• High price (set by the vendor) • Water source and quality is most often not verified • They deliver very often low quality water • Purification at home is necessary Non-Piped Water Distribution 15
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8. References
GUNZELMANN, D. (2008): Q Drum: Water Transportation Made Easier. Hygiene, USA: LiveOAK Media, Inc. URL: http://greenupgrader.com/3934/q-drum-human-water-transportation-made-easier/ [Accessed: 10.05.2012] HIPPOROLLER (Editor) (2012): Hippo Water Roller Project. Johannesburg: The Hippo Water Roller Project. URL: http://www.hipporoller.org/ [Accessed: 17.04.2012] IRIN (Editor) (2009): Sri Lanka: Water Shortages Grip Southeast. Colombo: Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN). URL: http://www.irinnews.org/Report/86048/SRI-LANKA-Water-shortages-grip-southeast [Accessed: 14.06.2011].
KEENER, S.; LUENGO, M.; BANERJEE, S. (2009): Provision of Water to the Poor in Africa. Experience with Water Standposts and the Informal Water Sector. Washington, DC: The World Bank. URL: http://www.infrastructureafrica.org/system/files/WP13_Standpost.pdf
[Accessed: 14.06.2011] LEMUEL MINISTRIES (2012): Water Truck. Snellville: Lemuel Ministries. URL: http://lemuelministries.blogspot.com/2012/04/water truck.html
[Accessed: 10.05.2012] QDRUM (Editor) (2011): The Rollable Water Container for Developing Countries. Johannesburg: Q Drum (Pty) Ltd. URL: http://qdrum.co.za/ [Accessed: 17.04.2012] WAINWRIGHT, M. (2008): Leeds Students Ban Bottled Water. London: The Guardian. URL: http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2008/dec/16/students-waste [Accessed: 10.05.2012] WUTICH (Editor) (2006): The Effects of Urban Water Scarcity on Sociability and Reciprocity in Cochabamba Bolivia. Florida: University of Florida. URL:http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0013898/wutich_a.pdf
[Accessed: 15.06.2011] Non-Piped Water Distribution 16
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