Transcript Religion in History
RELIGION IN HISTORY Created By Kayleigh Allen
NATIVE AMERICANS AND RELIGION
Native Americans were very in tune with nature Out of respect for animals they killed, they used all the body parts Their religion was shaped by foraging and farming “Master of Animals” was portrayed as a sacred bear Native Americans took vision quests to seek out personal protective spirits In a tribe there would be a shaman or “medicine man”, it’s said that they are sensitive to spiritual forces Native Americans had social groupings with different rituals and lore Natural and supernatural forces wee thought to be inseparable Many Native Americans believed in pantheism and were polytheistic Ceremonies were held to honor ancestral spirits or “kachinas”
18
TH
CENTURY RELIGION AND NATIVE AMERICANS
A Number of denominations sent missionaries to western Indians Moravians, Baptists, Quakers Others formed special missionary societies Society for Propagating the Gospel among Indians (1797) American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (1810) Joint effort of Congregationalists, Presbyterian, Dutch Reformed churches Missionaries promoted literacy and a knowledge of white ways Created divisions within Indian tribes between those who converted and didn’t Missionary efforts unwittingly weakened tribes
AFRICAN AMERICANS AND RELIGION
Men and women from dozens of African ethnic groups molded themselves into new people 18 th century masters were reluctant to let their slaves become Christians, fearing it would open a doorway to claiming freedom or equality Most slaves practiced some form of African religion Many African Americans were not converted to Christianity until the Great Awakening One of the most crucial areas of religious practice concerned rituals of death and burial African Americans often decorated graves with shells and pottery Generally believe that the spirits of the dead would return to Africa Burial ceremonies held at night because slave owners objected to the continuation of African traditions Deceased person was laid out, men and women moved counterclockwise around the body while dancing and singing Dance was a form of worship African American community often looked to recently arrived Africans for religious leadership Ancestor worship, divination, and magic were strengthened by constant African infusions Many beliefs and practices had much in common with European folklore, especially magic and medicinal lore
THE SPANISH
Conquest demanded conversion Missionaries resorted to cruel and sometimes violent means of controlling their Indian subjects Catholic church played a dominant role in the community life of the borderlands Religion was no private affair, was a deadly serious business, dividing nations into warring camps Object of colonization was enlarging the glorious gospel of Christ
SLAVERY IN THE SPANISH COLONIES
Doubts about the slavery of Africans were raised by both the church and the crown Papacy many times denounced slavery as a violation of Christian principles Many priests condemned the institution Catholic church in Spanish America owned slaves and profited from their labor Spanish declared Florida a refuge for escaped slaves if they converted to Catholicism
NEW ENGLAND
Church of a community was free to run its own affairs under guidance of the General Court Church members divided land according to status and seniority Little distinction between religious and secular authority Puritan tradition was a curious mix of freedom and repression Puritans came to establish their own version of the right and perfect way Puritans kept away all other religious beliefs but their own Rodger Williams- made one of the first arguments for religious toleration, “forced worship stinks in God’s nostrils” 1689- Toleration Act- allow other religions to openly worship 1730’s- there were Anglicans, Baptist, and Presbyterian congregations in many New England towns The system of town and church government was well suited to population growth Many viewed Anglicanism as a bulwark against Baptist, Methodist democratic thinkers Patrick Henry defended state support for the church
18
TH
CENTURY RELIGION AND POLITICS
Established religion was increasingly opposed Enlightenment criticism of power it had over free and open inquiry Sectarian diversity produced by the religious revival of the Great Awakening Many Anglican clergymen harbored loyalist sympathies New Hampshire, Connecticut maintained official relationship between church and state Other states retained religious tests in their legal codes Georgia, Carolinas, New Jersey limited office holding to Protestants New York required legislatures to renounce allegiance to the pope Pennsylvania required officials to swear to belief in divine inspiration of Old/New Testaments Pennsylvania had a long history of religious freedom
SECOND GREAT AWAKENING
Began quietly in the 1790’s in New England By 1800 spread through the Protestant churches of the entire country Most dramatic on frontier where church organization was naturally weak Protestantism became the camp meeting Organized religion became important institution within continuing migration Religious meetinghouses often first public buildings erected in a community Women often majority among church members Preaching provided by Methodist circuit riders or a Baptist farmer
PEOPLE OF IMPORTANCE
Martin Luther-
German priest who publicized his differences with Rome. His ideas led to the formation of the Protestants.
John Calvin-
organized a model Christian community. Calvin’s ideas became known as Calvinism.
a prominent reformer even more radical than Luther. He
John Woolman
- John Woolman was one of the first people to see the moral issues with slavery. He used the bible to back his opinions, saying “all people were of one blood”.
Rodger Williams
- Rodger Williams was one of the first people to make an argument for religious tolerance. “Forced worship stinks in God’s nostrils” were his words on the matter.
Thomas Paine
- Thomas Paine wrote the book
The Age of Reason
a powerful attack on organized religion.
which was
VOCABULARY
Reformation- a religious and political movement of 16th-century Europe that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the establishment of the Protestant Churches.
Catholicism- the faith, system, and practice of the Catholic Church, esp. the Roman Catholic Church. Crusades- any of the military expeditions undertaken by the Christians of Europe in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries for the recovery of the Holy Land from the Muslims.
Shaman- a person who acts as intermediary between the natural and supernatural worlds, using magic to cure illness, foretell the future, control spiritual forces, etc.
Convert- to cause to adopt a different religion, political doctrine, opinion.
Pantheism- to share kinship with animals, plants, objects, and natural forces
VOCABULARY CONTINUED
Presbyterian
form of government and professing more or less modified forms of Calvinism.
- designating or pertaining to various churches having this
Missionaries
- a person sent by a church into an area to carry on evangelism or other activities, as educational or hospital work.
Divination
- the practice of attempting to foretell future events or discover hidden knowledge by occult or supernatural means.
Ethnic
- pertains to or characteristic of a people, esp. a group (ethnic group) sharing a common and distinctive culture, religion, language, or the like.
Papacy
- the office, dignity, or jurisdiction of the pope.
Polygyny
- the practice or condition of having more than one wife at one time.
Moral
- of, pertaining to, or concerned with the principles or rules of right conduct or the distinction between right and wrong.
VOCABULARY CONTINUED
Excommunicated
- to cut off from communion with a church or exclude from the sacraments of a church by ecclesiastical sentence.
Equality
- the state or quality of being equal.
Folklore
- the traditional beliefs, legends, customs, etc., of a people.
Congregationalist- a form of Protestant church government in which each local religious society is independent and self-governing. Organized Religion- an institution to express belief in a divine power.
Moravians- a member of a Christian denomination descended from the Bohemian Brethren and holding that the Scriptures are the only rule of faith and practice.
Episcopal- based on or recognizing a governing order of bishops.
VOCABULARY CONTINUED (AGAIN)
Sectarian Diversity- limited in character or scope.
Anglicanism- the doctrines, principles, or system of the Anglican Church. Atheist- a person who denies or disbelieves the existence of a supreme being or beings. Great Awakening- the series of religious revivals among Protestants in the American colonies.
Clergymen- an ordained Christian minister. Protestantism- adherence to Protestant principles.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
a.
In West Africa, decisions were generally made by whom?
Women b.
c.
Clan leaders Hunters Why did the Puritans come to America?
a.
To get away from the French b.
c.
To avoid having to do work To establish their own version of the church When was the Toleration Act passed?
a.
1730 b.
c.
1689 1554 What would African Americans leave on the graves of family and friends?
a.
Shells and pottery b.
c.
Feathers and string Beads and flowers Pope excommunicated merchants engaged in selling what kind of slaves?
a.
Muslims b.
c.
Christians Germans Free Africans could not own what?
a.
Houses b.
c.
Land Christian slaves
MULTIPLE CHOICE CONTINUED
The French church and state collaborated in establishing a bishopric where?
a.
b.
Cuba Jamaica c.
Quebec Who were the first people to voice antislavery sentiments in the colonies?
a.
Puritans b.
c.
Quakers Native Americans Africans believed their spirits went where when they died?
a.
b.
c.
Africa Europe Spirits didn’t go anywhere Dance was a form of what?
a.
b.
Movement Worship c.
Language When did the second Great Awakening start?
a.
1800’s b.
c.
1700’s 1790’s Which one of these churches did not want to help the Indians?
a.
Baptist b.
Moravian c.
Anglican
MULTIPLE CHOICE CONTINUED (AGAIN)
In the 18 th opposed?
century, what was increasingly a.
b.
c.
Organized religion Politics Interracial marriages The Society for Propagating the Gospel among Indians was established when?
a.
1758 b.
1797 c.
1802 The Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom was created by whom?
a.
Paine b.
c.
Adams Jefferson In the 1800’s the majority among the church members were?
a.
Men b.
c.
Women Children Of the thirteen colonies how many had established churches?
a.
Nine b.
c.
Five One
The Age of Reason
what?
was an attack on a.
b.
Politics Organized religion c.
Non Americans Missionaries promoted what two things to the Indians?
a.
Art and music b.
c.
Politics and religion Literacy and knowledge The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions was established when?
a.
b.
c.
1810 1765 1845
MULTIPLE CHOICE ANSWERS
B C B A B C C B A B C C A B C B A B C A
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