Transcript Document

The Cost and Use
of
Electronic and Print
Journal Collections
Conference on Libraries in the Digital Age (LIDA)
May 28 - June 1, 2007
Dubrovnic, Croatia
Donald W. King, Distinguished Research Professor
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
School of Information and Library Science
Topics of Talk
• Trends in the use of library collections
– Focus on academic libraries
– Emphasis on science faculty and staffs
– Information-seeking patterns as context
• Cost of print and electronic collections
– Bottom-up approach
– Considering all resources applied
– 25-year life cycle
• An indicator of the return-on-investment
– Contingent valuation approach
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Overview
• Sources of information used by scientists,
engineers and medical professionals
• Reasons that professionals choose the
sources that they do
• Importance of professionals’ time and effort
in making choices
• Scholarly journals continue to be the
principle source of needed information
• Trends in reading patterns over 30 years
3
Tenopir & King Survey Data
• Surveys of 30,000+ scientists, engineers, social
scientists, medical and other professionals in many
settings
• Two NSF-sponsored national surveys (King Research
1977, 1984)
• 26 surveys in organizations served by 84 special
libraries (King Research with Griffiths 1981-1995)
• 12 surveys of faculty and students (U. of Tennessee and
C. Tenopir 1993-2006)
• 6 surveys society member & journal subscribers (King
Research 1977-1983, U. of Tennessee and C. Tenopir
2003-2006)
• Current IMLS study with transaction log analysis (U.
of Tennessee & University College London, CIBER
2005-07)
• 6,000 national household telephone surveys (University
of North Carolina, University of Pittsburgh)
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Question: What sources did you use
for the last substantive piece of
information you used for work? (n=469)
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Questions from National
Household Telephone Survey
• Over 200 interviews involve scientists or
researchers
– Do you ever read professional trade or
scholarly journals?
– From how many…do you read?
– Was the last article you read from a print or
electronic version?
– Where did you obtain the last journal article
you read?
– For what professional field is this last journal
read?
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Many Ways to
Identify Articles
• Browsing through print or electronic
journals (mostly for current awareness)
• Searching in search engines in
bibliographic and e-journal databases
(mostly for research and writing)
• Follow-up of citations in journals and other
publications
• Recommendations from colleagues, etc.
• Other (e.g., alerts, preprint services, etc.)
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Trend in How Articles
Are Identified
Science
Browsing
1977 2006
40% 37%
Searching
Online
A&I
Citations
2%
24%
11%
25%
--15%
Colleagues, etc.
18%
16%
6%
7%
Other
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Many Sources of Articles
•
•
•
•
Personal subscriptions
Library collections
Authors, colleagues, etc.
Other
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Where Do Readers
Obtain Articles?
Trends
Personal Subscriptions
Library Collections
Down
Up
From Another Person
Same
Author Websites
Small
Preprint and other databases
Small
Age of articles is important
10
Sources of Articles
Science
1977
2006
Personal Subscriptions
68%
31%
Library Collections
14%
52%
Other
18%
17%
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Trends in Scientists’
Reading Patterns
• They appear to be reading more
• They rely on libraries more
• Reasons for increased library use
12
Average Articles Read per
University Scientist
300
252
Average number of articles read per scientist
250
216
200
172
188
150
150
100
50
0
1977 (Nati on al 1984 (Nati on al 1993 (Un i ve rsi ty of 2000-03
2004-06 (n =1,159)
su rve y, n =2,350) su rve y, n =865) Te n n e sse , n =89)(Te n n e sse e , Dre xe l
& Pittsbu rgh ,
n =300)
Ye ar an d S tu dy
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Source of Additional
Readings
Library collection
131
140
Scientist Readings Per Year
Other
120
113
120
115
92 96
100
121
101
80
52
60
40
37
20
0
1977
1984
1993
2000-03
2004-06
Year of Survey
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Reasons for Shift
to Reading from the
Library Collection
• Decrease in personal subscriptions
• More reading of articles identified by
online bibliographic searches
• Electronic collections have broadened
access to articles
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Average Personal Subscriptions Per Scientist
Average Number of
Personal Subscriptions
Per Scientist
4.5
4.21
3.96
3.86
4
3.5
3.5
3.2
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1977
1984
1993
2000-03
2004-06
Year
16
Average Number of Articles
Average Number of Articles
Identified by Automated Searches
per University Scientist
63
70
60
51
50
40
27
30
20
10
1
2
0
1977
1984
1993
2000-03
2004-06
Years
17
Electronic Collection
Contribution
• Personal subscriptions - 90% print
• Library collections
– 80% electronic
– Broadens journal availability
– Saves readers about 20 hours per year
• Breadth of reading has increased
– Read from about 13 journals in 1977
– Over twice that amount now
• Age of article is a factor
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Readings of Older Materials
May Be Increasing
(University Faculty)
70%
60%
percent of readings
50%
40%
Current year
2 years plus
30%
20%
10%
0%
1990
1993-1998
2004-2006
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Library
Costs
What Do Print and
Electronic Collections
Actually Cost?
King Bottom-up Library
Cost Studies
• 40 public libraries (King Research with
Griffiths, 1985-1992)
• 26 special libraries (King Research with
Griffiths, 1984-1993)
• 11 academic libraries (University of
Pittsburgh with Aerni, Drexel University
with Montgomery, 9 other universities —
JSTOR with Schonfeld, 2000-2004)
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Costs Include
All Resources Used
 Collection Purchases
 Staff
 Facilities
 Equipment & Systems
 Photocopies, Binding, etc.
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Life-Cycle Cost per Title
 Electronic collection — $180 per
title
 Print collection — $580 per title
Current collection — $190 per
title
Backfile collection — $390 per
title
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Annual Cost Per Reading
• Compare the Unit Cost of Services
– Electronic - $3.00 per reading
– Current Periodicals - $13.60 per reading
– Bound Backfiles - $15.60 per reading
– ILL - $8.40 per item
– ILB - $12.60 per item
Life Cycle Cost Per Reading
– Electronic - $7.30 per title
– Print - $23.50 per title
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Library Contribution to
Usefulness & Value
•
•
•
•
•
Purpose of use
Importance in achieving principal purposes
Ways article affected the principal purpose
How much do readers “pay” for the article?
Achievers read more from library
collections
• Readers are more productive than nonreaders
• Helps achieve parent organization goals
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Return-on-Investment
Defined
• Investment
– Library expenditures and organization G&A
– User time in wages and overhead
– Cost of other relevant resources
• Return
– Contingent valuation of the additional cost to
users if there were not library services
– Changes in user productivity, information needs
satisfied, and other relevant indicators
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Definition of Contingent
Valuation
• Contingent Valuation is an economic
method used to assess the benefits of
non-priced goods and services (e.g.,
libraries or specific library services)
by examining the implication of not
having the product or service.
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Library Journal Collection
Return-on-Investment
• Library expenditures (amount
allocated to faculty and staff use)
– $1.87 million
• Faculty and staff cost to use the
library collection
– $1.56 million
• Total organization investment
– $3.43 million
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Library Journal Collection
Return-on-Investment
• User cost to use alternative sources of
article information
– $11.38 million in user time
– $2.1 million in user purchases
• Total cost of alternatives
– $13.48 million
• Return in net benefit ($13.48 million $3.43 million)
– $10.05 million
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Library Journal Collection
Return-on-Investment
• Ratio of return-on-investment ($10.05
million divided by $3.43 million)
– 2.9 to 1
PLUS
– Indicators of gained needed information,
productivity, etc.
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Total Time Saved
• Total time saved
– 250,000 hours
– 114 FTEs*
• Electronic remote access savings in time
– 50,000 hours
– 23 FTEs*
* based on an average of 2,200 hours worked
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Implications of the Studies
• Technologies will continue to advance journal
publishing capacities and power to inform
• Electronic journals have been extremely beneficial,
but print will be relevant for some time to come
• Both readers and libraries have benefited
economically from electronic journals
• Libraries will continue to be an essential
participant in the journal system for the
foreseeable future
• Newly proposed system models need to advance
cautiously and with demonstrable successes
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Contributions by:
•
•
•
•
•
José-Marie Griffiths
Carol Tenopir
Sarah Aerni
Carol Montgomery
Roger Schonfeld
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References
Communication Patterns of Engineers. Carol Tenopir and Donald W, King. New York:John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. - IEEE Press (2004)
Towards Electronic Journal: Realities for Scientists, Librarians, and Publishers. Carol
Tenopir and Donald W. King. Washington, DC: Special Libraries , 2000.
Scientific Journals in the United States: Their Production, Use, and Economics. Donald W.
King, Dennis D. McDonald and Nancy K. Roderer. Stroudsburg, PA: Hutchinson Ross
Publishing Company, (Division of Academic Press) 1981.
“Some Thoughts on Academic Library Collections” Guest Editorial. Donald W. King.
Journal of Academic Librarianship. July 2004.
“Should Commercial Publishers Be Included in the Model for Open Access Through Author
Payment”? Donald W. King. D-Lib Magazine, Volume 10, No. 6. June 2004.
“An Evidence-based Assessment of the ‘Author Pays’ Model.” Donald W. King and Carol
Tenopir. Nature Forum. June 2004.
“Measuring Total Readings of Journal Articles.” Donald W. King and C. Tenopir, M. Clarke,
D-Lib Magazine, October, 2006.
“The Non-Subscription Side of Periodicals: Changes in Library Operations and Costs
Between Print and Electronic Formats.” Roger C. Schonfeld, Donald W. King, Ann
Okerson, Eileen Gifford Fenton, Council on Library and Information Resources,
Washington, D.C., June 2004.
“Comparative Costs of the University of Pittsburgh Electronic and Print Library
Collections.” Donald W. King, Sarah Aerni, Fern Brody, Matt Herbison, and Amy
Knapp. The Sara Fine Institute for Interpersonal Behavior and Technology, 2004.
http://purl.oclc.org/sfpitt/pub2004045ab
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References (continued)
“The Use and Outcomes of University Library Print and Electronic Collections.” Donald
W. King, Sarah Aerni, Fern Brody, Matt Herbison, and Amy Knapp. The Sara Fine
Institute for Interpersonal Behavior and Technology, 2004.
http://purl.oclc.org/sfpitt/pub2004045ab
“Medical Faculty’s Use of Print and Electronic Journals: Changes Over Time and in
Comparison with Scientists.” Carol Tenopir, Donald W. King, Amy Bush. Journal of
the Medical Library Association 92 (April 2004) 2.
“Library Periodicals Expenses: Comparison of Non-Subscription Costs of Print and
Electronic Formats on a Life-Cycle Basis.” Roger C. Schonfeld, Donald W. King, Ann
Okerson and Eileen Gifford Fenton. D-Lib Magazine. Vol. 10, No. 1, January 2004.
“Patterns of Use by Faculty at Three Diverse Universities”. Donald W. King, Carol Tenopir,
Carol Hansen Montgomery and Sarah E. Aerni. D-Lib Magazine. Vol. 9, No. 10,
October 2003.
“Patterns of Journal Use By Scientists through Three Evolutionary Phases”. Carol Tenopir,
Peter Boyce and others. D-Lib Magazine. Vol. 9, No. 5, May 2003.
“After Migration to an Electronic Journal Collection: Impact on Faculty and Doctoral
Students.” Donald W. King and Carol Hansen Montgomery. D-Lib Magazine. Vol. 8,
No. 12, December 2002.
“Comparing Library and User Related Costs of Print and Electronic Journal Collections.”
Carol Hansen Montgomery and Donald W. King. D-Lib Magazine, Volume 8, No. 10,
October 2002.
“The Cost of Journal Publishing: A Literature Review and Commentary.” Donald W. King.
Learned Publishing. Vol. 20, No. 1, April 2007.
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References (continued)
Aerni, Sarah E. and Donald W. King. “Contingent Valuation of Libraries: Including
Examples from Academic, Public and Special Libraries.” September 2006. In:
Proceedings of the ARL Library Assessment Conference (in press). Further
information at: http://www.arl.org/stats/statsevents/laconf/06schedule.shtml.
Griffiths, Jose-Marie, Donald W. King and Sarah E. Aerni. “Taxpayer Return-on-Investment
(ROI) in Pennsylvania Public Libraries.” September 2006. (Pre-print).
“Taxpayer Return-on-Investment of Florida Public Libraries.” José-Marie Griffiths, Donald
W. King, Thomas Lynch, and Juli Harrington. September 2004.
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Donald W. King
• Distinguished Research Professor, School
of Information and Library Science,
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
• Email: [email protected]
• Web: http://www2.sis.pitt.edu/%7Edwking/
• Bio:
http://www2.sis.pitt.edu/people/bios/king.html
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