Transcript United Nations Environment Programme/ Regional Office for

Indonesia- Formulation of Strategic Guidelines
for Poverty Reduction with Sustainable
Development Principles
Integrated Assessment and Planning for
Sustainable Development
Second Review Meeting
Geneva, September 21-22, 2005
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Jakarta
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Les Village, Bali
(case study area)
Background of the Study
• Initial focus on formulating strategic guidelines for poverty
reduction
– The poor rely heavily on natural resources & environment
– The poor lives in degraded environment
• Therefore, poverty reduction should not further degrade
the environment
• At that time PRSP was drawn up and not incorporating
environmental aspects into the strategy
• The study will make use of lesson learned from a case
study that is able to show the strength of sustainable
development in practice and adopt ‘best practices’
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Changing Focus
• PRSP begun 2 years prior to IAP team and at its stage of completion,
the IAP team was not able to engage in full process in integrated
assessment
• However, IAP team come up with substantive suggestions for PRSP
on how to integrate environment into policy consideration
• The importance of site-level, real case, multi stakeholder activities
that designed with careful considerations of environmental, economic
and social aspects, for poverty reduction
• It was decided that the last ‘leg’ of the IAP will focus on identifying
and promoting ‘case’ study that showcase the integration of
sustainable development consideration in poverty alleviation.
• Two objectives are sought: (a) contributing to the PRSP process; and
(b) explore real case study as a model (poverty reduction,
environmental protection, trade)
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Process and Methods
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Weekly Meetings (IAP Team)
PRSP Public Meetings
SC Meetings
National Workshop
Workshop with UNEP Team
Participation in the Finalization of the PRSP
Case Study (Regional Visit)
Meeting with UNEP Team
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Stakeholders Involvement
• Ministry of Planning, Ministry of
Environment, Trade and Industry, Home
Affairs, Labour and Transmigration,
Foreign Affairs, Forestry, UNDP, CII
• Environmental Groups, Private Sectors,
Academics, Local NGOs
• Workshops, Group Discussion, Regional
Visits
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Description of the Planning Process
A review of relevant past and
present work
BACKGROUND
PAPER
Overview of Existing Natural
Resources & Environment Policies
Identification of Information
Network and Its Institutionalized
Mechanism
Identification of Relevant Policies
and Programs
Policy and Program
Review
Developing Criteria and
Guidelines for Evaluation
Condition, Issues, and
Models of Poverty
Reduction
Poverty Reduction
Strategy
Poverty Reduction
Policy/Program and
Monitoring/Evaluation
System
Evaluation of On-going and
Executed Policies and Programs
To obtain lesson-learned on the
link between poverty,
environment and trade
Case Study
Policy and Program
Formulation
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PRSP 2004-2015
Document
Poverty Reduction Strategy with
Sust. Dev.
2004
2005
Indonesia PRSP formulation
Economic issues
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Don’t consider the impact of
International trade on the poor
in a comprehensive manner
Site level sustainable community
enterprises are not explicitly
promoted,
Macroeconomic policies are not
pro-poor and worse, are too probusiness
Environmental issues
Social-cultural issues
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Disregard rapid loss of
natural resources
Disregard degradation of
environmental quality
Disregard loss of
biodiversity
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Poverty issue do not seen
as a multidimensional
matter
Do not explicitly
recognize local and
traditional communities’
access and rights to
natural resources
Recognize that law
enforcement is necessary
but do not have a
strategy to enchance it
Interaction between different issues:
macroeconomic policies should not expedite the loss of natural resources but rather directed at
conserving them
incentives must be put to both conserve and/or rehabilitate natural resources as well as enhance
livelihoods
the poor’s access and rights to natural resources should be part of poverty reduction strategies
laws related to natural resource exploitation, especially regarding illegal utilization, must be
enforced
international trade can be a force for optimizing income and conserving resources if rights accrue
to local communities
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Criterias
Economic
Issues
•Livelihood system
•Level of local dependence on natural ecosystem
•Identifying an incentive system for maintaining the natural ecosystem
•Vulnerability of local livelihoods to environmental degradation
•Understand the value of “competing” products from the natural
ecosystem as potential threats
Social
Issues
•Poverty incidence
•Population/household density
•Population growth rates
•Access to social and physical infrastructure, such as health services,
education, etc.
•Employment rates
Environment
Issues
•Environmental functions of the surrounding ecosystem are maintained
•No destruction of natural habitats
•Existing external threats and pressures on the natural ecosystem
•Understanding of the environmental threshold and resource limits
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Lesson Learned from PRSP
• Lack of Data on the correlation between ecosystem status,
social conflict and economic development; especially
difficult is to argue for ecosystem restoration programs as
part of poverty alleviation
• It is increasingly realized that environment pro-poor
strategies need to be integrated with sectoral strategies (i.e.
health, fishery, agriculture, housing etc)
• More resources (money, staff, time) for ecosystem
restoration and for shifting from extraction-based activities
to a more increased value-added
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Lesson Learned from PRSP
• PRSP is a moving target started much in advance of the
IAP; shifting focus; lack of environmental personnel; lack
of engagement of technical sector (forestry, fishery, mining
& energy)
• Understanding of sustainable development principles
widely varied among stakeholders; and assessment of
previous policies and programs need to first be based on
common baseline
• IAP guidelines useful in evaluating the PRSP in a
systematic manner, however need to ensure adequate
understanding of substance and process to which IAP is
applied.
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Case Study : Les Village, Bali
To explore the connections among poverty alleviation, environmental protection,
and sustainable trade.
~ 1980s
: - Les Village was a poor traditional village
1980~1990s : - Tourist boom, high demand on tropical fish
- Lack of awareness ►destructive fishing practices
(potassium, cyanide, explosives)
- Lack of support from local government
- Coral reefs was destroyed, the fish was gone.
1990~2000s : -Awareness campaign by local NGO (Bahtera
Nusantara)
-The NGO introduced ‘artificial reef’ ►
introducing environmental friendly fishing
practices to the community.
-Coral reefs recover, the fish is back
2000~present : - Les Village is a certified tropical fish producer/trader
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Coral Breeding and Fish Trade
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CASE STUDY
Economic issues
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Decreased fish catch
mean more spending on
food and increase in
school fees and transport
costs
Improve their own life
through environmental
betterment, i.e.
sustainable fishing
practices
Increased knowledge of
market demand lead to
better prices of fish and
better bargaining power
Cultivation of trade of
coral in sustainable way
With improved income the
villagers can start send
children to school and
savings
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Environmental issues
Social-cultural issues
- Coral restoration
and the cyanide-free
is now part of the
formal local
customary laws
- Creation of a model
of a sustainable
ornamental fishery
through communitybased coral and fish
monitoring
- Improvement of
community’s
livelihood through
eco-trading
- The youth to stay or
return to village
rather that migrating
because more jobs
are available and
more income
created
- Improvements in
infrastructure
facilities
- Increased in woman
involvement in the
fisher group and
have share in the
community-owned
company
- Better fish catch
and pricing will
release women’s
domestic burden
and will send more
girls to higher
education
Initial Effects/Criterias Applied in
Case Study (Coastal Village)
– rehabilitation of the coral ecosystem and a return of
many fish species previously lost;
– better quality fish that is more likely to survive
transport and confinement for longer periods, and with
no damage to its skin and color;
– less time and effort to collect equal amount of fish than
by squirting poison;
– the attention of international and local organizations.
– The villagers have part ownership of a company which
can directly ship for export, and have even resorted to
coral breeding, a difficult undertaking even by the
standard of expert biologists). Villagers undertake
breeding to both rehabilitate the reef ecosystem and to
supply the live coral trade.
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Some gaps from the case study
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The lack of attention and support by the local government. The local government seems to have no
inkling of what has been achieved by the villagers, though the group in Les Village have flourished despite
the lack of government facilitation.
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The lack of capacity in an important sector locally has meant that the local government only pays attention
to the sectors it does understand, which unfortunately do not have strong linkages with the poor. This seems to
exacerbate the case of persistent poverty in the area.
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Market mechanisms have allowed the villagers to take advantage of international demand for local products.
To be able to fully take advantage of this international demand, and the premium price that comes along with
the sustainable harvesting method, however, villagers need a certain institutional support and cooperation
from those around it, i.e. other stakeholders in the live-fish trade. Without the larger enabling environment—
including regulatory support perhaps in the form of a sustainable harvesting certification system—villagers
are less able to fully take advantage of the benefits of international prices to optimize their income.
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The lack of adoption of this local model elsewhere. Although Les Village fishermen have vehemently
maintained that the sustainable harvesting method they use is far more superior economically that squirting
method, other fishers in the area (not even the neighboring villages) are not yet adopting the same measure
even though they have been invited to observe and train with the Les fishers.
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We attribute this to the lack of facilitation on the part of these other fishers, which is further evidence. The
team found in many cases of various scale and type in Indonesia, facilitation for communities is perhaps even
more important than equipment and tools, which can come later by communities’ own efforts. But
equipment/tools—especially novel ones—without facilitation will more likely languish and be discarded or
abandoned.
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Economic/Trade effects
Indicators
Before
After
Scaling Up
Volume of trade in
ornamental fish and
other biota
Volume of trade
uncertain since
fishers did not work
on purchase order
Volume of trade
increasing; fishers
only catch what was
being ordered. Less
waste of fish
Volume of trade
increased according
to order; Less
wasteful catching of
ornamentals
Price at the
fishermen level
Price at the
fishermen level
(farm gate) very
small percentage of
traded value
Fishers had stake on Price at fishers level
exporting company, increased
so international
price received also
accrued to fishers
Revenue of Export
company
Revenue went to
individual exporter
Some revenue went
to fisher group as
well
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Some revenue went
to fisher group
Environmental effects
Indicators
Before
After
Scaling Up
Number of fish Decreasing due to Increasing and
Ornamental fish
catch
destructive fishing some species lost diversity increase
practices
have coming back
Coral Reef
Damaged due to
Gradually
Coral Reef cover
Recovery Rate cyanide and
restored and
and diversity
bombing practices replicated in other increase
areas
Distance to
Harvest
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Need to sail
farther another
areas
Shorter journey
and collection
points
Job opportunities
in other areas
Social effects
Indicators
Before
After
Scaling Up
Village Capacity
Building
limited
Introduced to
various
community
activities
Active players in
community
activities
Village Facilities
Limited and in
poor conditions
Improving and
self-help
Diversifying
business activities
Reduced Social
Conflict
Increased due to
competition from
other villages
Reduced and
better law
enforcement
Harmony with
other sectors
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Recommendations
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Further Research on rights, criterias and indicators
The ‘Buy-in’ process...from Best Practices to Concrete Policy
Incentives for sustainable practices..
Replications to other areas
Promoting inter-regional cooperation in utilizing and conserving
natural resources and environment
The role of local community
Improved targeting for policy and poverty reduction program
Entitlement of the poor over natural resources
Fair and just law enforcement, particularly regarding illegal
natural resource utilization and ecosystem destruction
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Next Steps
• SC Meeting
• 2nd National Workshop
• Final Drafting
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