Transcript Slide 1

• Kingdom Animalia
---Phylum Chordata
------Subphylum Vertebrata
---------Class Mammalia
• Class Mammalia
1. Hair (some marine mammals have very little)
2. Specialized Teeth
3. Endothermic
4. Mammary Glands Milk
5. Placenta (most)
6. Diaphragm - muscle that aids breathing
• Mammary glands- feed young with milk
Section 33-1
Chordates
have the following
key features
Notochord
which is
A flexible
supporting
structure
Dorsal hollow
nerve cord
Muscular
tail
Pharyngeal
pouches
Functions of Hair
1. Insulation
2. Camouflage
3. Sensory devices
4. Waterproofing
5. Signaling
6. Defense
Fur/hair
Mammalian Characteristics
Endothermy
 Source of body heat is internal.
 Heat is produced by a high metabolic rate.
Body temperature is
regulated by internal
feedback mechanisms,
fur and subcutaneous
fat. Whale blubber
Mammals
Feeding and
Digestion
 Daily intake of
food is used to
generate heat to
maintain a
constant body
temperature.
30.1 Mammalian Characteristics
Visualizing the Digestive Systems of Mammals
30.1 Mammalian Characteristics
Trophic Categories (feeding)
1. Insectivores- eat insects - shrews, moles
2. Herbivores- plant eaters - ruminants (pigs,
cows, deer) and non-ruminants (rabbits,
squirrels)
3. Carnivores- eat herbivores (some bear,
dog and cat-like mammals)
4. Omnivores- eat plants and herbivores
(bear, raccoons, badgers, coyotes, foxes,
opossums)
Mammals
30.1 Mammalian Characteristics
Teeth
 Reveal the life habits of a mammal
 Carnivores use canines to stab/hold and
premolars to slice and shear meat.
 Incisors of insectivores are long
and curved, functioning as pincers
in seizing/biting insect prey.
 Molars of herbivores are flattened
for grinding/crushing plant
material
The Jaws and Teeth of Mammals
CARNIVORE
Canines are pointed teeth. Carnivores
use them for piercing, gripping, and tearing.
In herbivores, they are reduced or absent.
HERBIVORE
Jaw
joint
Jaw joint
Wolf
Horse
Chisel-like incisors are used for
cutting, gnawing, and grooming.
Molars crush and grind food. The ridged shape of the wolf’s molars and premolars
allows them to interlock during chewing, like the blades of scissors. The broad,
flattened molars and premolars of horses are adapted for grinding tough plants.
Teeth
Carnivores tend to have long canines which are used to rip and tear meat, sometimes in a scissors like action. In addition, carnivores have sharp
molars toward the back of the mouth, used to further rip and shred meat. Carnivores, tend to have binocular vision, where their eyes are at the front of
the head, which results in a smaller field of view, but allows for depth perception, needed to catch prey.
Herbivores tend to have well-developed flat premolars and molars, often with sharp ridges on the tops. Generally herbivores do not have canine teeth,
and their incisors are usually large and used to snip off foliage from branches. Because herbivores are often prey for other animals, they generally have
their eyes on the side of their head, which functions to gibe them a wider field of view, so that they can detect their prey earlier, and have a chance to
flee.
Omnivores usually have a variety of all kinds of teeth. Humans, bears and raccoons are omnivores, since they eat all kinds of food (both meat and plant
material) they need all kinds of teeth. Generally omnivores have eyes on the front of their heads like carnivores, in order to best catch their prey.
Label each of the following skulls as herbivore, omnivore, carnivore or insectivore. Label the teeth on each (molars, canines, incisors)
30.1 Mammalian Characteristics
Excretion
 Kidneys excrete or retain the proper
amount of water in body fluids. Large
intestine connects to rectum to rid the
body of solid wastes.
 Enables mammals to live in extreme
environments
Mammals
Mammalian Characteristics
Respiration- lung breathing
 High levels of
oxygen are
required to
maintain a high
level of
metabolism.
 Mammals are the
only animals that
have a diaphragm.
Some aquatic
mammals have a
blowhole instead of
nostrils.
30.1 Mammalian Characteristics
Battle at krueger
Circulation- four chambered heart
 Mammals require a consistent
supply of nutrients and oxygen
to maintain homeostasis
(balance). (heart link)
 Keeping oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood separate
makes the delivery of nutrients
and oxygen more efficient (double
loop).
 Mammals cool themselves by
dilating blood vessels and by
panting or sweating.
link
Section 32-1
The Structure of a Bear’s Heart
Left
atrium
Right
atrium
Right
ventricle
Left
ventricle
Complete
division
Panting, sweating link
30.1 Mammalian Characteristics
The Brain and Senses
 Mammals have highly developed brains.
 Cerebral cortex is responsible for coordinating
conscious activities, memory, and the ability to learn.
 Cerebellum is responsible for balance and
coordinating movement. Dolphin link
Mammalian Characteristics
Complex Behavior
Senses (vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch)
 The importance of the senses varies from
one group of mammals to the next.
Glands
 A system of glands secretes a variety of
fluids that helps to regulate a mammal’s
internal environment. (Ex: sweat glands for
cooling)
Movement
• Mammals can be found on all
continents
They run, swim, fly, dig, jump
• Mammals must find food,
shelter, and escape from
predators.
Cheetah video link
Bat video link
Dolphin link
Zebra and lion
30.1 Mammalian Characteristics
Reproduction
 Development of the embryo takes place in
the female uterus.
 In mammals, the egg is fertilized internally (rat).
Reproduction Placental mammals
30.2 Diversity of Mammals
www.enature.com
Placental Mammalsdevelop in uterus of
female
 Give birth to young
that do not need
further development
within a pouch
Shrew
 Represented
by 18 orders
Humpback whale
Placental mammals
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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Placental mammals links
Manatees
Ardvark
Jack rabbit, pika
Shrew, mole
Wolves, bear, sea lions
Whales Honey badger
Beaver, Ground hogs
Hippos, deer, goats
Horses, zebras
Elephants
Liger
Mammals
Tublidentata- Ardvarks
Marsupials Versus Placentals- discussion
Kangaroos and humans are both mammals because of the characteristics
they share. Still, they display enough different characteristics to result in
a kangaroo being classified as a marsupial and a human being classified
as a placental mammal. Consider what you know about kangaroos and
humans, and then answer the questions that follow.
1. How do the young of kangaroos develop,
and how do the adults care for their young?
2. How do humans and kangaroos differ from one another in
caring for their young?
3. What characteristic do humans and kangaroos have in
common in terms of caring for their young?
Order Marsupial
 Very short period of
development in the uterus
 Crawl into a pouch
made of skin and hair
and continue
development while being
nourished by milk from
the mother’s mammary
glands
Kangaroo
Newborn and 2-week old kangaroos in pouch birth Link
Marsupials
Koala
Wombat
Kangaroo
kangaroo
phalanger
koala
Wombat
(See DVD)
opossum
Order Monotremata
Reproduce by
laying eggs link
Milk from follicles
in the skin
Echidna
Duck-billed Platypus
Mammals
Diversity of Mammals
Evolution of Mammals
Convergent Evolution of InsectEating Mammals
Chinese
Pangolin
Nine-Banded
Armadillo
Common
Echidna
Giant Anteater
Aardvark
Mammals
Diversity of Mammals
Therapsids
 A therapsid is an extinct vertebrate with both
mammalian and reptilian features.
 Pair of holes in the roof of the skull that
allowed for the attachment of jaw muscles
 Limbs positioned beneath their bodies
 Might have been endotherms
Therapsid- mammal
ancestor
Comparison of Skulls of Human Ancestors
Large brow
ridge
Large nose
Large canine
teeth
Face protrudes
forward
Australopithecus afarensis
Weak brow
ridge
Homo erectus
Large
brain
case
Round, high
skull
Inflated
cheeks
Large
nose
Even teeth
Strong chin
Neanderthal
Cro-Magnon
Modern Homo sapiens
Human and Gorilla Skeletons
Modern Human
primates
Comparing Human and Gorilla Skeletons
Modern Gorilla
Modern Human
Modern Gorilla
Skull atop
S-shaped spine
Skull atop
C-shaped spine
Spinal cord exits
at bottom of skull
Spinal cord exits
near back of skull
Arms shorter than
legs; hands do not
touch ground
during walking
Arms longer than
legs; hands touch
ground during walking
Pelvis is bowlshaped
Thigh bones angled
inward, directly
below body
Pelvis is long
and narrow
Thigh bones angled
away from pelvis
Chapter 30
Mammals
Chapter Resource Menu
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Formative Test Questions
Chapter Assessment Questions
Standardized Test Practice
biologygmh.com
Glencoe Biology Transparencies
Image Bank
Vocabulary
Animation
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson.
Chapter 30
Mammals
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
Name the term that refers to a mammal’s
ability to produce heat internally.
A. endoderm
B. endothermy
C. ectoderm
D. ectothermy
Chapter 30
Mammals
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
A mammal’s period of gestation refers to what?
A. amount of time the young stays with its herd
B. amount of time the young stays in the uterus
C. amount of time the young drinks its mother’s
milk
D. amount of time for the young to mature
enough to reproduce
Chapter 30
Mammals
30.1 Formative
Questions
Which characteristics distinguish mammals
from other vertebrates?
A. kidneys and a cloaca
B. mammary glands or milk and hair
C. a high metabolic rate and limbs
D. a four-chambered heart and endothermy
Chapter 30
Mammals
30.1 Formative
Questions
What is the source of body heat for
mammals?
A. hibernation
B. insulation
C. metabolism
D. respiration
Chapter 30
Mammals
30.1 Formative
Questions
Which part of the brain is more highly
developed in mammals than in other
animals?
A. cerebrum
B. hypothalamus
C. medulla
D. optic lobe
Chapter 30
Mammals
30.1 Formative
Questions
What is a group of cells that secretes fluid to
be used elsewhere in the body?
A. a bladder
B. a duct
C. a gland
D. an organ
Chapter 30
Mammals
30.2 Formative
Questions
Which mammals use their two pairs of razorsharp incisor teeth to gnaw through wood,
seed pods, or shells to get food?
A. artiodactyls
B. insectivores
C. lagomorphs
D. rodents
Chapter 30
Mammals
30.2 Formative
Questions
Which animals are cetaceans?
A. deer and goats
B. moles and shrews
C. dolphins and whales
D. manatees and dugongs
Chapter 30
Mammals
30.2 Formative
Questions
Why did mammals undergo extraordinary
adaptations to the environment after the
disappearance of dinosaurs?
A. They had new niches available to them.
B. They were able to survive the ice age.
C. They were no longer prey to dinosaurs.
D. They no longer competed with dinosaurs.
Chapter 30
Mammals
Chapter Assessment
Questions
True or False
The graph shows
that large animals
such as elephants
have a high
metabolic rate.
Chapter 30
Mammals
Chapter Assessment
Questions
Select the mammal that is a member of the
order Chiroptera.
A. hedgehog
B. ape
C. anteater
D. bat
Chapter 30
Mammals
Chapter Assessment
Questions
Compare the digestive tracts of the deer and
the fox. Infer why the deer’s digestive tract is
so much longer.
Answer: It takes longer and is more difficult
to digest plant material than meat.
Chapter 30
Mammals
30.2 Formative
Questions
Which mammals have reptilian features,
such as laying eggs?
A. cetaceans
B. marsupials
C. monotremes
D. sirenians
Chapter 30
Mammals
Standardized Test
Practice
Which animal eats the least amount of food
as a percentage of its body mass?
A. elephant
B. shrew
Chapter 30
Mammals
Standardized Test
Practice
Why is a high metabolic rate necessary for the
shrew’s survival?
Chapter 30
Mammals
30.1 Formative
Questions
What is the tough, fibrous protein that makes
up hair, nails, claws, and hooves?
A. urea
B. keratin
C. cellulose
D. collagen
Chapter 30
Mammals
Standardized Test
Practice
A. Its body loses heat quickly.
B. It has a short digestive tract.
C. It carries out complex behavior.
D. It produces milk for its offspring.
Chapter 30
Mammals
Standardized Test
Practice
How does a
herbivore’s digestive
tract compare to the
digestive tract of this
carnivore?
Chapter 30
Mammals
Standardized Test
Practice
An herbivore will have…
A. a shorter digestive tract and a smaller cecum.
B. a shorter digestive tract and a larger cecum.
C. a longer digestive tract and a larger cecum.
D. a longer digestive tract and a smaller cecum.
Chapter 30
Mammals
Standardized Test
Practice
How do ruminants benefit from having
bacteria in their stomachs?
A. They can be omnivorous.
B. They can digest meat.
C. They can filter urea.
D. They can process cellulose.
Chapter 30
Mammals
Standardized Test
Practice
Which teeth are more highly developed in a
mountain lion?
A. canines
B. incisors
C. molars
D. premolars
Chapter 30
Mammals
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
What classification of mammals reproduces
by laying eggs?
A. marsupial
B. placental mammal
C. monotreme
D. therapsid
Chapter 30
Mammals
Standardized Test
Practice
What is believed to have caused the isolation
of marsupials’ ancestors to Australia and
nearby islands?
A. adaptive radiation
B. continental drift
C. habitat destruction
D. reproductive isolation
Chapter 30
Mammals
Standardized Test
Practice
What competitive adaptive advantage do
placental mammals have over marsupials?
A. a more highly developed digestive system
B. a pair of holes in the roof of the skull
C. limbs positioned beneath their bodies
D. more highly evolved social behavior
Chapter 30
Mammals
Glencoe Biology Transparencies
Chapter 30
Mammals
Image Bank
Chapter 30
Mammals
Vocabulary
Section 1
mammary gland
placenta
diaphragm
gestation
cerebral cortex
cerebellum
gland
uterus
Chapter 30
Mammals
Vocabulary
Section 2
monotreme
marsupial
placental mammal
therapsid
Chapter 30
Mammals
Animation
 Visualizing the Digestive Systems of
Mammals