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Mammal vocabulary

Mammary gland cerebral cortex placenta marsupial therapsid Omnivore subcutaneous fat Binocular vision diaphragm Gland gestation placental mammal monotreme insectivore carnivore oviparous ovoviviparous cerebellum uterus herbivore ruminant viviparous

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table of contents

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vertebrates

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• • Kingdom Animalia ---Phylum Chordata ------Subphylum Vertebrata ---------Class Mammalia

Class Mammalia

1. Hair (some marine mammals have very little) 2. Specialized Teeth 3. Endothermic 4. Mammary Glands 5. Placenta (most) 6. Diaphragm - muscle that aids breathing •

Mammary glands-

feed young with milk

Functions of Hair

1.

Insulation

2.

Camouflage

3.

Sensory devices

4.

Waterproofing

5.

Signaling

6.

Defense

Fur/hair

Mammalian Characteristics Endothermy

 Source of body heat is internal.

 Heat is produced by a

high metabolic rate.

Body temperature is regulated by internal feedback mechanisms, fur and subcutaneous fat. Whale blubber 

Mammals

Feeding and Digestion

 Daily intake of

food

is used to generate heat to maintain a constant body temperature.

30.1 Mammalian Characteristics Visualizing the Digestive Systems of Mammals

30.1 Mammalian Characteristics

Trophic Categories

(feeding)

Insectivores-

eat insects - shrews, moles

Herbivores-

plant eaters - ruminants (pigs, cows, deer) and non-ruminants (rabbits, squirrels)

Carnivores-

eat herbivores (some bear, dog and cat-like mammals)

Omnivores-

eat plants and herbivores (bear, raccoons, badgers, coyotes, foxes, opossums)

Mammals 30.1 Mammalian Characteristics

Teeth

 Reveal the life habits of a mammal 

Carnivores

use

canines

stab/hold

and premolars to slice and shear meat.

 

Incisors of insectivores

are long and curved, functioning as pincers in

seizing/biting

insect prey.

Molars of herbivores

are flattened for

grinding/crushing

plant material

The Jaws and Teeth of Mammals

CARNIVORE

Canines are pointed teeth. Carnivores use them for piercing, gripping, and tearing.

In herbivores, they are reduced or absent.

HERBIVORE

Jaw joint

Horse Wolf

Chisel-like incisors are used for cutting, gnawing, and grooming.

Molars crush and grind food. The ridged shape of the wolf’s molars and premolars allows them to interlock during chewing, like the blades of scissors. The broad, flattened molars and premolars of horses are adapted for grinding tough plants.

Jaw joint

Elephant shrew skull insectivore

30.1 Mammalian Characteristics

Excretion



Kidneys

excrete or retain the proper amount of water in body fluids.

Large intestine

connects to rectum to rid the body of solid wastes.

 Enables mammals to live in extreme environments

Mammals

30.1 Mammalian Characteristics

Respiration- lung breathing  High levels of

oxygen

are required to maintain a high level of

metabolism.

 Mammals are the only animals that have a diaphragm. Some aquatic mammals have a

blowhole

instead of

nostrils.

30.1 Mammalian Characteristics Circulation- four chambered heart

 Mammals require a consistent supply of nutrients and oxygen to maintain homeostasis (balance). (heart link)  

Keeping oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate

makes the delivery of nutrients and oxygen more efficient (double loop).

Mammals cool themselves by

dilating blood

vessels and by

panting

sweating.

link

Section 32-1

The Structure of a Bear’s Heart

Right atrium Right ventricle Left atrium Left ventricle Complete division

Panting, sweating link

30.1 Mammalian Characteristics



The Brain and Senses

Mammals have

highly

developed brains.



Cerebral cortex

is responsible for coordinating conscious activities, memory, and the ability to

learn.



Cerebellum

is responsible for balance and coordinating

movement

Mammalian Characteristics

Complex Behavior Senses

(vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch)  The importance of the senses varies from one group of mammals to the next.

Glands

 A system of

glands

secretes a variety of

fluids

that helps to regulate a mammal’s internal environment. (Ex: sweat glands for cooling)

Movement

• Mammals can be found on all continents They run, swim, fly, dig, jump • Mammals must find food, shelter, and escape from predators.

Cheetah video link Bat video link Dolphin rumble link Zebra and lion

30.1 Mammalian Characteristics



Reproduction

 Development of the embryo takes place in the

female uterus.

In mammals, the egg is

fertilized internally (rat).

Reproduction Placental mammals

Marsupials Versus Placentals- discussion

Kangaroos and humans are both mammals because of the characteristics they share. Still, they display enough different characteristics to result in a kangaroo being classified as a marsupial and a human being classified as a placental mammal. Consider what you know about kangaroos and humans, and then answer the questions that follow.

1. How do the young of kangaroos develop, and how do the adults care for their young?

2. How do humans and kangaroos differ from one another in caring for their young?

3. What characteristic do humans and kangaroos have in common in terms of caring for their young?

Mammal Classification

Order Monotremata

Egg laying mammals found only in Australia. Have reptilian characteristics (cloaca & egg laying) Have mammalian features (hair, mammary gland) Examples: Duck Billed Platypus and the Echidna (also called  a Spiny Anteater)

Order Marsupiala

Mammals bear their young in an

immature

state, babies develop in a pouch. Majority are found on Australia, opossums are found on other continents Examples: Kangaroo, opossums wallaby, tasmanian devil, koala 

Placental mammals-

placed in separate orders (see chart)

have a gestation period (length of time in uterus) placenta- membrane that allows nutrients to pass thru from mom to baby

Monotremes

Reproduce by laying eggs link

Echidna

Duck-billed Platypus

Marsupials

 Very short period of development in the uterus  Crawl into a pouch made of skin and hair and continue development while being nourished by milk from the mother’s mammary glands

Kangaroo

Newborn and 2-week old kangaroos in pouch

Marsupials

phalanger kangaroo koala wombat opossum

30.2 Diversity of Mammals www.enature.com

Placental Mammals develop in uterus of female  Give birth to young that do not need further development within a pouch  Represented by 18 orders

Shrew Humpback whale

Mammals

Placental mammals links

• Manatees • Ardvark • Jack rabbit, pika • Shrew, mole • Wolves, bear, sea lioins • Dolphins, whales • Beaver, Ground hogs • Hippos, deer, goats • Horses, zebras • Elephants • Liger • manatee

Placental mammals

Mammals Diversity of Mammals

Evolution of Mammals

Convergent Evolution of Insect Eating Mammals

Chinese Pangolin Nine-Banded Armadillo Giant Anteater Aardvark Common Echidna

Mammals Diversity of Mammals

Therapsids

 A

therapsid

is an extinct vertebrate with both

mammalian and reptilian features.

 Pair of holes in the roof of the skull that allowed for the attachment of jaw muscles  Limbs positioned

beneath

their bodies  Might have been

endotherms

Therapsid

Comparison of Skulls of Human Ancestors Large brow ridge Large nose Large canine teeth Face protrudes forward

Australopithecus afarensis

Neanderthal

Weak brow ridge Inflated cheeks Large nose

Cro-Magnon

Homo erectus

Large brain case Round, high skull Even teeth Strong chin

Modern Homo sapiens

Modern Human

Human and Gorilla Skeletons

Modern Gorilla

primates

Comparing Human and Gorilla Skeletons Modern Human Skull atop S-shaped spine Spinal cord exits at bottom of skull Arms shorter than legs; hands do not touch ground during walking Pelvis is bowl shaped Thigh bones angled inward, directly below body Modern Gorilla Skull atop C-shaped spine Spinal cord exits near back of skull Arms longer than legs; hands touch ground during walking Pelvis is long and narrow Thigh bones angled away from pelvis

Chapter 30 Mammals Chapter Resource Menu

Chapter Diagnostic Questions Formative Test Questions Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice biologygmh.com

Glencoe Biology

Transparencies Image Bank Vocabulary Animation Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson.

Chapter 30 Mammals Chapter Diagnostic Questions

Name the term that refers to a mammal’s ability to produce heat internally.

A.

endoderm

B.

endothermy

C.

ectoderm

D.

ectothermy

Chapter 30 Mammals Chapter Diagnostic Questions

What classification of mammals reproduces by laying eggs?

A.

marsupial

B.

placental mammal

C.

monotreme

D.

therapsid

Chapter 30 Mammals Chapter Diagnostic Questions

A mammal’s period of gestation refers to what?

amount of time the young stays with its herd B.

dolphins and whales

D.

manatees and dugongs

Chapter 30 Mammals 30.2 Formative Questions

Why did mammals undergo extraordinary adaptations to the environment after the disappearance of dinosaurs?

They had new niches available to them.

They were able to survive the ice age.

They were no longer prey to dinosaurs.

They no longer competed with dinosaurs.

Chapter 30 Mammals Chapter Assessment Questions

True or False The graph shows that large animals such as elephants have a high metabolic rate.

Chapter 30 Mammals Chapter Assessment Questions

Select the mammal that is a member of the order Chiroptera.

A.

hedgehog

B.

ape

C.

anteater

D.

bat

Chapter 30 Mammals Chapter Assessment Questions

Compare the digestive tracts of the deer and the fox. Infer why the deer’s digestive tract is so much longer.

Answer:

It takes longer and is more difficult to digest plant material than meat.

Chapter 30 Mammals Standardized Test Practice

Which animal eats the least amount of food as a percentage of its body mass?

A.

elephant

B.

shrew

Chapter 30 Mammals Standardized Test Practice

Why is a high metabolic rate necessary for the shrew’s survival?

Chapter 30 Mammals Standardized Test Practice

A.

Its body loses heat quickly.

B.

It has a short digestive tract.

C.

It carries out complex behavior.

D.

It produces milk for its offspring.

Chapter 30 Mammals Standardized Test Practice

How does a herbivore’s digestive tract compare to the digestive tract of this carnivore?

Chapter 30 Mammals Standardized Test Practice

An herbivore will have… A.

a shorter digestive tract and a smaller cecum.

a shorter digestive tract and a larger cecum.

a longer digestive tract and a larger cecum.

a longer digestive tract and a smaller cecum.

Chapter 30 Mammals Standardized Test Practice

continental drift

C.

habitat destruction

D.

reproductive isolation

Chapter 30 Mammals Standardized Test Practice

What competitive adaptive advantage do placental mammals have over marsupials?

a more highly developed digestive system B.

a pair of holes in the roof of the skull C.

limbs positioned beneath their bodies D.

more highly evolved social behavior

Chapter 30 Mammals Glencoe Biology Transparencies

Chapter 30 Mammals Image Bank

Chapter 30 Mammals Vocabulary

Section 1 mammary gland diaphragm cerebral cortex cerebellum gland uterus placenta gestation

Chapter 30 Mammals Vocabulary

Section 2 monotreme marsupial placental mammal therapsid

Chapter 30 Mammals Animation

 Visualizing the Digestive Systems of Mammals