Transcript 7 - Human Anatomy

Chapter
5
The Skeletal
System: Osseous
Tissue and
Skeletal Structure
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by Agnes Yard and
Michael Yard
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Which of the following statements regarding the structural
differences between compact and spongy bone is incorrect?
a. The matrix composition is the same in both
compact and spongy bone.
b. The three-dimensional arrangement of osteocytes
differs between compact and spongy bone.
c. The matrix composition differs between compact
and spongy bone.
d. The three-dimensional arrangement of canaliculi
and lamellae differs between compact and spongy
bone.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Which of the following is not a major function of the
skeletal system?
a. leverage
b. blood cell production
c. mineral storage
d. none of the above
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The spongy bone known as “diploe” is found in which
anatomical classification of bones?
a. long bones
b. short bones
c. flat bones
d. irregular bones
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During the process of endochondral ossification, a major step
occurs when the centers of the epiphyses begin to calcify.
Capillaries and osteoblasts migrate into these areas, creating sites
called
.
a. articular cartilage
b. secondary ossification centers
c. epiphyseal cartilage
d. primary ossification centers
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Which of the following statements regarding the
periosteum is false?
a. Periosteum isolates and protects bone
from surrounding tissues.
b. The fibers of the periosteum are
continuous with both the joint capsule as
well as with fibers of the tendons
attached to the bone.
c. The periosteum actively participates in
bone growth and repair.
d. None of the above
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Which of the following bones do/does not develop as a
result of intramembranous ossification?
a. clavicle
b. parietal bone
c. humerus
d. patella
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Which of the following statements regarding factors
which regulate bone growth is false?
a. Normal bone growth requires a constant dietary source
of calcium and phosphate salts, as well as other ions
such as magnesium, citrate, carbonate, and sodium.
b. The active form of vitamin C, calcitriol, must be
obtained from the diet.
c. Hormones regulate the pattern of growth by changing
the rates of osteoblast and osteoclast activity.
d. Vitamins A and C are essential for normal bone growth
and remodeling.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the
congenital disorder of the skeleton known as “osteogenesis
imperfecta?”
a. The condition affects approximately one in 20,000
individuals.
b. The condition affects the organization of collagen
fibers, in which growth is abnormal.
c. Osteoclast and fibroblast activity is affected, and
ligaments and tendons can be very “loose.”
d. There are four recognized types, and large
variations occur in symptom severity.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bones become stronger and more massive due to which
of the following?
a. Osteoclast activity predominates.
b. Osteocyte activity increases.
c. Osteoblast activity predominates.
d. all of the above
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Which of the following does not correctly describe
heterotropic bone formation?
a. Almost any connective tissue can be affected,
because mesenchymal stem cells can develop
into bone, cartilage, fat, or muscle.
b. Physical or chemical events can stimulate the
development of osteoclasts in normal connective
tissue.
c. Triggers may include foreign chemicals as well as
problems that affect calcium excretion and
storage.
d. Examples of heterotropic bones are sesamoid
bones that develop within tendons near points of
friction and pressure.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The periosteum is/does not:
a. usually one cell layer thick and is an
incomplete layer, with bone matrix
occasionally exposed
b. consist of an inner cellular layer containing
osteoprogenitor cells
c. actively participate in bone growth and repair
d. continuous with the joint capsule that
encloses the joint
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Where would an elongated cleft, known as a fissure, be
typically located?
a. femur
b. pelvis
c. skull
d. humerus
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Which vessels form as blood vessels invade the cartilage
model at the start of endochondral ossification?
a. epiphyseal vessels
b. metaphyseal vessels
c. periosteal vessels
d. nutrient artery and vein
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Which of the following statements is correct?
a. Bone remodeling involves the simultaneous
process of bone resorption and bone
deposition.
b. In older adults, osteoblast activity exceeds
that of osteoclast activity.
c. In young adults, the rate of bone deposition
is greater than the rate of bone resorption.
d. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are active
during the growth years only.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Which feature provides a route for the diffusion of nutrients and
waste products from one osteocyte to another across gap
junctions?
a. interstitial lamella
b. canaliculus
c. central canal
d. perforating canal
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Which type of bone consists of small, flat, oddly shaped
bones that are occasionally found in the suture lines?
a. irregular bones
b. pneumatized bones
c. Wormian bones
d. sesamoid bones
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Which cell population of mature bone may respond to chemical
or hormonal stimuli to initiate the production of new bone?
a. osteoblasts
b. osteoprogenitor cells
c. osteocytes
d. osteoclasts
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Which of the following provides a good example of
endochondral ossification?
a. clavicle
b. limb bones
c. mandible
d. frontal and parietal bones of the skull
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Regarding common bone marking terminology, a small
rounded projection is called a
.
a. condyle
b. tuberosity
c. tubercle
d. trochanter
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During Step 3 of the process of endochondral ossification, bone
development proceeds from what site in the diaphysis, toward
both ends of the cartilaginous model?
a. primary ossification center
b. secondary ossification center
c. osteogenic layer
d. bone collar
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In which of the following congenital skeletal disorders does the
total mass of the skeleton gradually increase as the result of a
decrease in osteoclast activity?
a. gigantism
b. osteomalacia
c. Marfan’s Syndrome
d. osteopetrosis
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What has been hypothesized as the mechanism that controls the
internal organization and structure of bone?
a. osteoblast sensitivity to electrical events
b. increased muscular development, such as
weight training
c. osteoblast sensitivity to physical or chemical
events
d. degenerative changes after brief periods of
inactivity
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Which type of lamellae may have been produced during the
growth of the bone, or may represent remnants of osteons whose
matrix components have been recycled during repair or
remodeling activities?
a. concentric lamellae
b. circumferential lamellae
c. interstitial lamellae
d. Haversian lamellae
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Which type of fracture retains the normal alignment of
the bones or fragments?
a. Pott’s fractures
b. nondisplaced fractures
c. transverse fractures
d. epiphyseal fractures
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
In the adult, which cells are continually removing and
replacing the surrounding calcium salts?
a. osteoprogenitor cells
b. osteoblasts
c. osteoclasts
d. osteocytes
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings