Transcript ART Chapters 10-18
Lauren Litchet APUSH Period 1
A print revolution began in 1826 The American Tract Society installed the country’s first steam-powered press Steam powered press produced 300,000 Bibles and 6 million religious tracts In 1810 there were 376 newspapers In 1835 there were as many as 1,200 newspapers Most newspapers were published by political parties and were openly partisan Thorough the country, religious literature was the most widely read A middle-class audience existed for literary magazines Women especially read sentimental magazines and novels
Samuel F.B. Morse sent his first message from Washington to Baltimore in 1844 Morse code was used to send messages across the country The timeliness of information available vastly increased The telegraph increased everyone’s sense of community
Thomas Cole Came to America from England in 1818 Found inspiration in the American landscape Paintings reflect the influence of the British Romantic school of landscape painting Founded the Hudson River school of American painting Had a nationalistic style is a key focus in his school Known for his scenes of New York State’s Catskill and Adirondack Mountains
Western Painters Realists = Karl Bodmer and George Catlin Romantics = Albert Bierstadt and Thomas Moran Drew on the Western Landscape and its peoples Their art was a contribution to the American sense of the land and the nation’s identity George Catlin Driven by the need to document Indian life before it disappeared Spent 8 years among tribes of the upper Missouri River Toured the country from 1837 to 1851 in an unsuccessful attempt to arouse public indignation about the Western Indian nations
John James Audubon Etchings of American birds George Caleb Bingham Produced tidied-up scenes of real-life American workers Record the way of American life The inspiration of the painter’s most prevalent theme, the American wilderness, was endangered by the rapid western settlement
Neoclassical style were favored for public buildings In the south many homes were mansions Americans were in too much of a hurry to build for the future Built balloon-frame structures = a basic frame of wooden studs fastened with crosspieces top and bottom First used in Chicago in the 1830s The four-room balloon-frame house became affordable for many families which was housing for the common man and his family
A small number of slaves were skilled workers Artisan tasks included: Weavers Carpenters Seamstresses Blacksmiths Mechanics
Urban artisans kept long hours Crafts often interrupted families activities and neighborliness Formal apprenticeship was strictly for men It was assumed that once women married they would learn a domestic skill or craft Women who wanted to work often worked as seamstresses or as laundresses
The Hudson River School emerged as a loosely organized group of painters, whose subjects depicted the natural settings of the American continent art movement was reflective of America and influential to Americans works were part of visual culture Artists in the Hudson River School: Thomas Cole Thomas Doughty Alvan Fisher In 1822 John Rubens Smith produced the Juvenile
Drawing Book
three volumes and sold for seventy-two dollars
William Bentley Fowle wrote An Introduction to
Linear Drawing
first documented book for teaching art in the United States public schools gave directions for drawing lines, angles, geometry, simple moldings, classical forms, and architecture Fielding Lucas published Lucas’ Progressive
Drawing Book
taught pencil drawing, landscape watercolor painting, and perspective never adopted by public schools
Wheaton College, becomes one of the first primarily liberal arts devoted schools The Creation of Negatives William Henry Fox Talbot discovered a way to use a negative to make duplicate positive prints without losing the image on the negative The Latticed Window, is known to be the oldest negative Photography In 1839 Sir John Herschel coined the term ‘Photography’ and this is the year the photographic process became public
Elizabeth Palmer Peabody pioneer in art education published papers about how art needed to be taught in school in 1846 the Smithsonian Institute National Museum of American Art opens holds the largest collection of American art in the world John Gadsby Chapman published American
Drawing Book
It was to be used in schools as well as home instruction
The Philadelphia School of Design for Women established by Sarah Worthington Peter the first and only art college for women in the United States The school gave women a chance to learn both a trade to become financially independent, and gain an education and respect from her peers
The stereoscope becomes popular in 1851 Stereoscope - unites images that are seen differently by each eye into one image creating a three-dimensional scene that allows the viewer to experience depth The stereoscope allows landscape photographers helping to equally represent a landscape from two different points of sight New York's School of Design for Women Established in 1852 Focused on teaching technical drawing and designing paper and textiles for manufacturers Van Gogh Was born in 1853 worked as an artist in the Post-Impressionist period
The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art Founded in 1859 by Peter Cooper The union was a college that was to prepare students for the professions of architecture, art and engineering Realism Started to appear in the 1850s Realism’s purpose was to accurately depict and create artwork that was identical to that of the ordinary world Realism was a faith based movement as well as an artistic movement Realism focused on the emphasis of light, photography, construction and architecture
Landscape painting was made popular during the Civil War era due to the Hudson River School The Hudson River School Was said to be founded by Thomas Cole, an English painter, seeing that he sparked the Landscape movement within the United States The majority of the Landscape painters within America were located in New York City The Hudson River School’s artists were known to incorporate romanticism into their Landscape designs Hudson River School painters typically painted landscapes such as the Adirondacks, Hudson River Valley, Catskills and the White Mountains within their paintings The Hudson River School slowly evolved to painting western landscapes Most landscape scenes produced by the Hudson River School were composite scenes – paintings that were a compilation of real and imaginary places Artists within the Hudson River School’s Landscape Movement: Asher B. Durand Thomas Doughty Thomas Cole Thomas Moran
Paintings sought to convey the fleeting effects of sunlight and atmosphere Artists wanted to create a heightened sense of reality in their work Artists painted landscapes and scenes of leisure Artists attempted to capture the overall sense of light Artists attempted to replicate French Impressionism while blending in their own interpretation of it American Impressionists tended to retain more structure and realism in their work as opposed to French artists American impressionists hoped to recreate the same spirit of camaraderie found in art colonies abroad
Notable American Impressionists Frank Weston Benson J. Ottis Adams Mary Cassatt William Merritt Chase Childe Hassam J. Alden Weir
Visual art style that depicts the actuality of what the eyes can see Realist artists tend to paint situations and dilemmas that discard anything extra Realism artists painted scenes that depicted a contemporary view of what was happening in the world around them Artists attempted to define what was real through their artwork
Notable Realism artists Thomas Eakins Painted The Champion Single Sculling John Singer Sargent Painted Morning Walk James McNeill Whistler Painted Arrangement in Grey and Black: The Artist’s
Mother
Winslow Homer Painted Sunlight on the Coast
Matthew M. Brady Was granted permission from Abraham Lincoln to document the war with photographs Bradley financed photographers to document primarily the Union’s military Alexander Gardner was the most prominent photographer that Brady had hired to photograph the war It was too dangerous to take photographs on the battlefield, so the photographers took photos of the soldiers at camp, preparing for battle and the bloody aftermath of each battle
Photographers used wet plate negatives to develop their photos When a photographer was ready to take a picture they had to prepare a sheet of glass that was coated with collodion and silver nitrate This glass plate was then placed in front of the camera and acted as the film Each glass plate produced one photograph Once the photograph was captured, the glass plate negative was then developed in a darkroom tent Due to the complexity of taking photographs, photographers were limited in taking battle specific photographs
At the end of the war two books were published depicting the war with photographs Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War (1865– 66) This book was composed of over 100 photographs from the war along with numerous sketches from the war Photographic Views of Sherman's Campaign (1866) This book is composed of photographs with captions depicting the Civil War
Religious tracts – small pamphlets used for religious and political purposes Partisan – Committed member of a political party Telegraph – a device for transmitting and receiving messages over long distances Neo-Classical Style – manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament, and in its architectural formulas as an outgrowth of some classicizing features of Late Baroque Seamstress – a woman who makes her living through sewing
Perspective - a technique of depicting volumes and spatial relationships on a flat surface Stereoscope - unites images that are seen differently by each eye into one image creating a three-dimensional scene that allows the viewer to experience depth Post-Impressionist - A school of painting in France in the late 19th century that rejected the objective naturalism of impressionism and used form and color in more personally expressive ways Realism – artwork whose purpose was to accurately depict and create artwork that was identical to that of the ordinary world Progressive - Proceeding in steps; continuing steadily by increments
Impressionism – style of painting originally developed in France that was characterized by strokes of unmixed colors to give the impression of reflective light Realism – an art movement aimed at representing the real world in a visually truthful way Collodion – flammable solution of pyroxylin that is used to produce wet plate negatives Camaraderie – mutual trust and friendship among people who spend a lot of time together Contemporary views – a modern or sophisticated approach to a situation
Thomas Cole Came to America from England in 1818 Found inspiration in the American landscape Paintings reflect the influence of the British Romantic school of landscape painting Founded the Hudson River school of American painting Had a nationalistic style is a key focus in his school Known for his scenes of New York State’s Catskill and Adirondack Mountains George Catlin Driven by the need to document Indian life before it disappeared Spent 8 years among tribes of the upper Missouri River Toured the country from 1837 to 1851 in an unsuccessful attempt to arouse public indignation about the Western Indian nations
William Henry Fox Talbot Discovered a way to use a negative to make duplicate positive prints without losing the image on the negative The Latticed Window, is known to be the oldest negative Elizabeth Palmer Peabody Pioneer in art education in the 1840’s Published papers about how art needed to be taught in school
Thomas Cole English-born American artist Said to be the founder of the Hudson River School Artistic movement that sparked interest in landscape painting in the 19 th century Known for his detailed paintings of American landscapes and the American wilderness Featured themes of naturalism and romanticism Mary Cassatt Was an American painter and printmaker Spent most of her adult life in France painting Was an artist of the impressionist movement Painted portraits of women and children Paintings focused on the bond between mothers and their children
When did the printing revolution begin?
a. 1826 b. 1829 c. 1828 d. 1830
A
How many bibles were produced from the steam powered press?
a. 500,000 b. 400,000 c. 300,000 d. 200,000
C
Men typically read sentimental magazine and novels.
a. True b. False
B
Morse sent his first message from: a. Boston to New York City b. Philadelphia to Washington c. Baltimore to Boston d. Washington to Baltimore
D
Thomas Cole came to America from a. France b. England c. Germany d. Austria
B
Which painter wanted to document Indian life?
a. Bingham b. Moran c. Bodmer d. Catlin
D
Audubon made etchings of American birds.
a. True b. False
A
The first balloon-frame structures were built in a. Washington b. Philadelphia c. Chicago d. Savannah
C
Which of the following was NOT an artisan task in the south?
a. Weavers b. Seamstresses c. Blacksmith d. Cotton picker
D
In the north, women who wanted to work were unable to because of the restrictions placed on them.
a. True b. False
B
Who produced the Juvenile Drawing Book?
a. John Rubens b. Thomas Cole c. Thomas Doughty d. Alvan Fisher
A
What was the first documented book for teaching art in public schools in the united states?
a. Juvenile Drawing Book b. Lucas’ Progressive Drawing Book c. An Introduction to Linear Drawing d. The Latticed Window
C
Who discovered the way to create multiple prints?
a. Peabody b. Herschel c. Lucas d. Talbot
D
The term ‘photography’ was coined in this year: a. 1836 b. 1837 c. 1838 d. 1839
D
Where is the largest collection of American Art held?
a. The Louvre b. The Guggenheim c. The Smithsonian Institute d. The Met
C
Which of the following is NOT true about The Philadelphia School of Design for Women?
a. It was established by Sara Warrington b. It was the first art college for women in the United States c. The school offered women an education not only in art, but in the humanities d. It gave women the opportunity to be financially independent
A
The stereoscope becomes popular in what year?
a. 1850 b. 1851 c. 1852 d. 1853
B
Van Gough was known as: a. An impressionist b. A post- impressionist c. A realist d. A surrealist
B
Realism a. Attempted to depict the everyday world identically b. Was disproportional c. Used dark, harsh, contrasting colors that did not deal with light d. Was only focused on drawing and painting
A
The Cooper Union was founded in what year by Peter Cooper?
a. 1856 b. 1857 c. 1858 d. 1859
D
Landscape paintings were made popular by which school?
a. The Hudson River Valley School b. The Hudson River School c. The Hudson Valley School d. The Hudson School of Art
B
Who was the Hudson River School founded by?
a. Thomas Cole b. Asher B. Durand c. Thomas Moran d. Thomas Doughty
A
Hudson River School painters did NOT typically paint which of the following landscapes: a. Hudson River Valley b. Adirondacks c. Catskills d. The Poconos
D
Impressionism paintings sought to capture: a. Nature b. Dusk c. Sunlight d. People
C
Who is NOT considered to be an artist from the Impressionist movement?
a. Mary Cassatt b. J. Alden Weir c. Frank Weston Benson d. James McNeill Whistler
D
Realism: a. Depicts only what the eyes can see b. Is a combination of real and imaginary scenes c. Depicts only portraits of people and their interactions d. Depicts objects that do not exist in everyday life
A
Who painted The Champion Single Sculling?
a. Winslow Homer b. Thomas Eakins c. Childe Hassam d. John Singer Sargent
B
Who was granted permission by Abraham Lincoln to take pictures of the war?
a. Alexander Gardener b. Sherman c. Matthew M. Brady d. John Cook
C
_________ acted as the film for each camera during the Civil War.
a. Glass plates b. Glass discs c. Plastic plates d. Plastic discs
A
Photographers used what kind of negatives to develop their photographs?
a. Dry glass negatives b. Dry plate negatives c. Wet glass negatives d. Wet plate negatives
D
Faragher, J.M., Buhle, M.J., Czitrom, D., & Armitage, S.H. (2002). Out of Many, A History of the American People. Upper Saddle River, NJ.: Prentice Hall.
Multiple Authors. (2002). “Decades of Art Education History in Contexts of Schooling and Artworlds”. The History of Art Education in the 1800’s. Retrieved from http://personal.psu.edu/mas53/timln850.html
Multiple Authors. (2009). “Hudson River School: 19 th Century American Landscape Painting Movement Lead by Thomas Cole”. The Hudson River School (1825-1875). Retrieved from http://www.visual-arts cork.com/history-of-art/hudson-river-school landscape painting.htm
Penrose, Patricia. (2002). “American Realism: 1865-1910”. American Collection: American Realism. Retrieved from http://www.ncteamericancollection.org/amer_rea lism.htm
Lloyd, Michael. (1997). “American Impressionism”. Lyme Art Colony: American Impressionism. Retrieved from http://www.lymeart.com/AmericanImpressionis m/index.html
Multiple Authors. “Photography in the Civil War, 1861 1865”. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Retrieved from http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/phcw/hd_ phcw.htm