Transcript INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
EUROPE’S FINAL
GREAT REVOLUTION
Let’s Recap
ORIGINS
• Began in England in 2nd half of 18th
century
– Stable government
– Economic freedoms
– Available capital
– Mobile labor force
– Western or European attitude that favored
development
ORIGINS
• Industrialization generally develops in
capitalism, but is not limited to capitalistic
nations
• 20th century has many examples of
industrialization without capitalism
ORIGINS
AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
• Holland
– Began about 1650
– Population pressures
to produce more
– Relatively few
peasants
– Enclosed fields, crop
rotation, fertilizing
ORIGINS
AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
• England
– Copied Dutch techniques
– Added the use of horses
vs. oxen to plow fields and
use of seed drills
– Enclosures increased
profitability of large
estates, increased
number of tenant farmers
EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL
REVOLUTION
• Short term:
– 1700-1760 bountiful crops in England gave
additional income to many
– More people became wage laborers rather
than tied to the land
• Long term:
– Smaller and smaller portion of population
involved in agriculture – can engage in
industrial work.
– Population growth
THE POWER CRISIS
• Humans and animals
were the main
source of power up
to the 18th century
THE POWER CRISIS
• Overuse of wood – Europe
was once covered in forests.
England deforested by the
18th century (used wood for
heat and iron smelting)
– Lord Nelson was so worried
about the implication of no
wood for navy, he went around
with acorns in his pocket.
THE POWER CRISIS and
ENGLAND
• Coal provided the solution
to the power crisis. It was
used for heat in London
prior to 1700. Could be
used for steam power, but it
was difficult and expensive
to extract. Extractive
technology finally available
in 19th century – England
had plenty of coal (often
with high sulfur content)
THE POWER CRISIS and
ENGLAND
• Water power was
the first type
employed in the
Industrial
Revolution – textile
mills were built
along rivers.
POLITICS OF ENGLAND
• With the reign of George
III, England experienced a
long period of stable
government
– Whig party was generally in
control and favored
industrial development
– In general, government
interfered relatively little with
economy
POLITICS OF ENGLAND
• No feudalism meant
there was no large
privileged “feudal” class
to hold back change or
population movements
• Very large class of free
landless laborers
• Trade is socially
acceptable in England.
COMMERCE IN ENGLAND
• England had a history of successful
commerce prior to industrialization –
merchant shipping, joint-stock companies.
• Putting out system – a portion of the
population worked in wool industry
• England had the largest free trade area in
Europe
COMMERCE IN ENGLAND
• Internal trade growth occurs in England
throughout the 18th century
– Peasants were not poor – did have some
surplus income
– Trade growth and wealth encourage
population growth
COMMERCE IN ENGLAND
• External growth, prior to industrial
revolution, set the stage.
– Mercantilism – positive trade balance
– Navigation Acts- gave British monopoly with
its colonies
– Victory in the Seven Years’ War - more
colonies, control of much of international
trade, and cotton from India
– Success gave British more investment capital
and more experience in business
19th Century Industry
• By the early decades of the 19th century,
England was the wealthiest and most
productive country in Europe. Other
European nations follow England’s lead
and pursue industrial economies. More
and more inventions hasten the pace of
industrialization. The Industrial Revolution
has had a profound impact on the political,
social, cultural, and economic history of
Europe.
Map 21–1 EUROPEAN RAILROADS IN 1850 A mid-century Britain had the most
extensive rail network, and the most industrialized economy, in Europe, but rail lines were
expanding rapidly in France, the German states, and Austria. Southern and eastern
Europe had few railways, and the Ottoman Empire had none.