Transcript Document

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Research is a process through which we
attempt to achieve systematically and
with the support of data the answer to a
question, the resolution of a problem, or
a greater understanding of a
phenomenon.
 Research It refers to the organized,
structured, and purposeful attempt to
gain knowledge about a suspected
relationship.

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Research is a structured inquiry that
utilizes acceptable scientific
methodology to solve problems and
create new knowledge that is generally
applicable.
Research: is a careful and systematic
study and investigation in any field of
knowledge, undertaken to establish
facts or principles.
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Research is a way of thinking for examining
critically various aspects of life,
understanding and formulating guiding
principles that govern a particular
procedure, and developing and testing new
theories that contribute to the
advancement of knowledge, practices and
profession.
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By doing research you ensure that the
process:
1.
2.
3.
is within a framework of a set of philosophies;
uses procedures, method and techniques that
have been tested for their validity and
reliability;
is designed to be unbiased and objective.
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1. Controlled
Minimizing the effects of external factors
2. Rigorous
Ensuring that the procedures followed to find
answers to questions are relevant, appropriate and
justified.
3. Systematic
An investigation follows a certain logical sequence.
Different steps cannot be taken in a disorganized
manner. Some procedures must follow others.
4. Valid & Verifiable
Conclusions on the basis of your findings are
correct and can be verified by you and others.
5. Empirical
Conclusions are based on evidence gathered from
information collected from real-life experiences or
observations.
6. Critical
The process of investigation must be fail-safe, free
from any drawbacks. The process adopted and the
procedures used must be able to face critical
examination.
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Research methods: refers to the techniques the
researchers use in performing research operations.
 All those methods which are used by the researcher
during the course of studying his research problem
are termed as research methods.

Three groups of the research methods:
1. Methods of data collection.
2. Methods of statistical techniques.
3. Methods of evaluation.
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Research Methodology: is a way to systematically
solve the research problem. It is the science of
studying how research is done scientifically.
◦ In research methodology we study steps that are
generally adopted by a researcher in studying his
research problem along with the logic behind
them.
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
Research methodology:

consists of research methods

the logic behind the methods we use in the context of our
research study
 explaining
why we are using a particular method or
technique so that research results are possible of being
evaluated either by the researcher himself or by others.
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Objectives of Research
1. Describing and classifying: What is happening?
2. Explaining and interpreting: Why is it
happening?
3. Predicting: Will it happen?
4. Controlling: Can we prevent it from
happening?
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The possible motives for doing research may be
one of the followings:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
To get a degree or promotion.
To solve problem or find a better solution.
To get more knowledge.
To contribute to the existing knowledge or society
To be respected as an expert.
Directives of government, employment conditions,
curiosity, etc…
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Application
1. Pure research
(Basic)
Objectives
1. Descriptive
research
Inquiry Mode
1. Quantitative
Methods
2. Exploratory
research
2. Applied
research
3. Correlational
research
2. Qualitative Methods
4. Explanatory
research
3. Mixed Methods
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The term basic research refers to study and research on
pure science that is meant to increase our scientific
knowledge base.
This type of research is often purely theoretical with the
intent of increasing our understanding of certain
phenomena or behavior but does not seek to solve or
treat these problems.
• How does the memory system work
• How are language skills developed
• How does one learn psychomotor skills
Research skills
Dr. Fawzi Ishtaiwa
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
Applied research is designed to solve practical problems
of the modern world, rather than to acquire knowledge for
knowledge's sake. One might say that the goal of the
applied scientist is to improve the human condition.
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Example of an applied research:
•
How can communication among workers in large
companies be improved?
Does computer aided instruction improve student
learning?
What is the effect of immediate feedback and delayed
feedback on student achievement?
•
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1.
Descriptive research : attempts to describe systematically a
situation, problem, phenomenon, service or program, or provides
information about the living conditions of a community, or
describes attitudes towards an issue.
2.
Exploratory research : is to explore an area where little is known
or to investigate the possibilities of undertaking a particular
research study.
3.
Correlation research : is to discover or establish the existence of a
relationship, association , interdependence between two or more
aspects of a situation.
4.
Explanatory research : attempts to clarify why and how there is
a relationship between two aspects of a situation or phenomenon.
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TYPE OF
RESEARCH
MAIN THEME
AIM
EXAMPLES
Descriptive research
To describe what is
prevalent
To describe what is
prevalent regarding: a
group of people, a
community, a
phenomenon, a situation,
a program and outcome

Problems faced by new
students
 Effects of living in a house with
domestic violence
 Attitude of consumer towards
quality product
Exploratory research
To explore
something
To explore an area where
little is known

Correlational research
To ascertain if there
is a relationship
To establish : a
relationship, an
association, an
interdependence

Explanatory research
To explain why the
relationship is
formed
To explain why a
relationship, association
or interdependence exists
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New phenomenon
Studying new disease
Research of new planet
Impact of a program
Relationship between stressful
living and incidence of heart
attacks
Effectiveness of an
immunization program in
controlling infectious disease
How does technology create
unemployment / employment ?
Why do some have positive
attitude towards an issue? while
other do not?
Why do some people migrate to
another country while others do
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not?
Types of research
based on Inquiry mode
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Quantitative Methods
Qualitative Methods
Mixed Methods
Is based on the
Is concerned with qualitative Employ aspects of both
measurement of
phenomenon relating to or
quantitative and qualitative
quantity or amount. It is involving quality or kind. It
methods.
applicable to
aims at discovering the
phenomena that be
underlying motives and
expressed in terms of
desires using in depth
quantity.
interviews or observation
for the purpose.
Uses predetermined
instrument base
questions
Uses Emerging methods
Open-ended questions
Uses both predetermined &
emerging methods.
Both open-and closedended questions.
Performance data,
attitude data,
observational data, and
census data
Interview data, observation
data, document data, and
audiovisual data
multiple forms of data
drawing on all possibilities
Statistical analysis
Text and image analysis
Statistical & text analysis
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Quantitative
Qualitative
Both are systematic in their approach
Objective
Subjective
Can be Generalized
Not generalized
Numbers
Words
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Doing
Planning
Deciding
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END
Of CHAPTER 1
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